Published Articles Archive

Abstract
Reversible ternary circuit design has attracted considerable attention because ternary logic can reduce interconnection ‎complexity relative to binary logic and is compatible with emerging quantum-computing and nanotechnology platforms. This ‎study proposes a reversible 2-trit ternary parallel adder with a quantum cost of 23, one constant input, and three garbage ‎outputs. Compared with previously reported counterparts, the proposed adder requires lower quantum cost and fewer ‎constant inputs and garbage outputs. Based on this adder, a reversible arithmetic unit is developed for two 2-trit unsigned ‎ternary numbers. The unit performs six arithmetic operations: A+B, A−B, A+1, A−1, A+B+1, and A−B−1. The unsigned inputs ‎and outputs are represented within the decimal range from 0 to 8. A reversible arithmetic unit for two signed 2-trit ternary ‎numbers is also proposed. This circuit has a quantum cost of 32 and requires only one constant input. It performs the same six ‎arithmetic operations using the 3’s-complement representation over the range from −4 to +4. In addition, a new reversible ‎overflow detection module is introduced for signed addition and subtraction. By integrating this module with the proposed ‎signed arithmetic unit, a complete reversible ternary arithmetic circuit with overflow-detection capability is obtained. All ‎proposed circuits are constructed using 1-qutrit shift gates and 2-qutrit Muthukrishnan–Stroud gates, which are primitive ‎ternary gates suitable for implementation in ion-trap quantum-computing technology.‎

Abstract
This paper presents a revised and scientifically cautious formulation of the Fluid-dynamic Morphological Model (FMM), an exploratory computational framework for flux-based analysis of galactic systems using Hubble Space Telescope archival data. The method focuses on raw or minimally processed .flt images retrieved from MAST and extracts reproducible image-level descriptors, including mean flux, peak flux, integrated flux, radial intensity profiles, residual components, nuclear concentration indices, and VDR-like activity indicators. Rather than replacing standard gravitational, photometric, spectroscopic, or cosmological interpretations, FMM is presented as a complementary image-analysis approach inspired by fluid-dynamic terminology. In this formulation, galaxy morphology and nuclear activity are examined through spatial variations in flux concentration, radial structure, and residual asymmetry, with special attention to central regions and wake-like patterns. The framework is demonstrated through a representative HST FITS dataset and compared qualitatively with standard astronomical diagnostics. The results suggest that flux-derived indicators may help organize archival galaxy images, identify regions of morphological asymmetry or enhanced activity, and select targets for deeper astrophysical modeling. The paper defines the model assumptions, diagnostic quantities, processing workflow, limitations, and reproducibility requirements. The revised interpretation emphasizes uncertainty, dimensional consistency, and compatibility with established astrophysical methods, while preserving the author’s original aim of developing an accessible and automated pipeline for exploratory analysis of galactic systems.

Abstract
Building upon our previous studies, we introduce a generalized metric, denoted G, ‎describing the average gravitational field of a homogeneous universe. Starting from the ‎weak-field approximation of the Schwarzschild metric, the local gravitational contribution ‎of an isolated mass is extended to a continuous cosmological matter distribution, leading ‎to a global gravitational potential proportional to ρ_u R_u^2, where ρ_u is the mean cosmic ‎density and R_u is the Hubble radius. The resulting metric naturally defines an effective ‎cosmological refractive index. For a universe at critical density, this index is found to be ‎exactly 2, while departures from perfect homogeneity may increase it toward approximately ‎‎2.4. We further show that incorporating the gravitational potential of the universe into the ‎metric provides a quantitative framework connecting critical density, Mach’s principle, ‎inertia, and the equivalence of inertial and gravitational mass. Within this approach, ‎cosmic flatness is interpreted as a natural consequence of the global gravitational structure ‎rather than as a property requiring finely tuned initial conditions. The proposed framework ‎offers an alternative perspective on several outstanding problems in cosmology while ‎remaining within the weak-field approximation of general relativity. Its broader ‎cosmological implications, including possible reinterpretations of phenomena commonly ‎attributed to dark matter and dark energy, are discussed cautiously and presented as ‎directions for further investigation.‎

Abstract
The characterization of compact multiplanetary systems provides important insights into ‎planetary structure, orbital architecture, irradiation environments, and long-term ‎dynamical stability. In this work, the newly confirmed TOI-5624 system is investigated as a ‎five-planet system composed of TOI-5624 b, c, d, e, and f. The analysis is based on ‎observational data from the NASA Exoplanet Archive, combined with a reproducible ‎Python-based computational framework. A set of physical, orbital, thermal, and first-order ‎dynamical parameters is examined, including semi-major axis, orbital period, planetary ‎mass and radius, bulk density, equilibrium temperature, stellar flux, surface gravity, escape ‎velocity, period ratios between successive planets, and mutual Hill separations. Semi-‎major axes are independently calculated using Kepler’s third law and compared with ‎archive values, showing excellent agreement with differences below approximately 0.11 ‎percent. The results indicate that TOI-5624 is a compact multiplanetary system with ‎planets distributed between approximately 0.042 AU and 0.237 AU. The orbital period ‎ratios between successive planets are approximately 2.326, 1.741, 1.565, and 2.111, ‎suggesting a non-resonant but dynamically ordered architecture with near-‎commensurabilities. The mutual Hill separation analysis shows that all adjacent planet ‎pairs exceed both the classical two-planet Hill-stability limit of 2√3 and the conservative ‎empirical spacing threshold of Δ=10, indicating that the nominal system architecture is ‎well separated against immediate close encounters at the first-order level. The equilibrium ‎temperatures range from about 478.5 K to 1136 K, while the incident stellar flux spans from ‎approximately 8.7 to more than 275 times the Earth’s flux, indicating a strongly irradiated ‎system with no planet in an Earth-like habitable environment. This study provides a ‎consistent computational characterization of the TOI-5624 system and demonstrates a ‎reproducible first-order framework for examining the physical properties, irradiation ‎environment, orbital architecture, and dynamical spacing of newly confirmed compact ‎multiplanetary systems.‎

Abstract
This work proposes a structural–informational model of space–time in which a global low-frequency background oscillation ‎‎(~0.06 Hz) plays a fundamental role in the dynamics and stability of physical systems across all scales. Based on pendulum ‎experiments and a re-examination of Brownian motion, it is argued that purely stochastic molecular impacts are insufficient ‎to explain sustained particle motion. Instead, both macroscopic oscillators (such as Foucault and torsion pendula) and ‎microscopic particles are interpreted as responding to a universal space–time pulsation. The model further reveals a structural ‎correspondence between this space–time pulsation and the cosmic microwave background, suggesting a common underlying ‎physical origin. Within the proposed framework, gravity emerges from a fundamental vacuum pressure acting on a cellular ‎background structure of space–time, while Newton’s gravitational constant is interpreted as an effective parameter arising ‎from the balance between this pressure and a newly introduced surface mass–energy density (SMED). Modified de Broglie ‎relations explicitly incorporate background space–time cells, providing a unified description of orbital dynamics for both ‎micro- and macro-objects. Elementary particles are interpreted as localized soliton-like excitations of space–time energy, with ‎proton structure described by a Gaussian standing-wave configuration whose internal nodal patterns are associated with ‎quark confinement. Mass generation is treated as a geometric–energetic property of space–time rather than as a consequence ‎of interaction with a scalar Higgs field. The approach links gravitation, electromagnetism, and strong interactions to a single ‎underlying physical mechanism associated with vacuum pressure and predicts that dark matter may correspond to stabilized ‎background space–time cells. Overall, the results suggest that matter, fields, and interactions arise from a common structural ‎dynamic of space–time, accessible in principle through low-frequency oscillatory phenomena.‎

Abstract
A low-frequency pulsation of the metric structure of space–time with a characteristic frequency of approximately 0.06 Hz is ‎theoretically examined within a structural–informational framework. This oscillatory mode is considered as a global ‎background feature consistent with experimental data within the proposed framework, which may influence the dynamics of ‎particles and macroscopic objects. The phenomenon is treated as having a gravitational origin and is associated, in the ‎proposed model, with variations in the energy density of space–time. The characteristic frequency emerges from the dynamics ‎of a background space–time lattice, representing a deeper structural level governing gravitational interaction. Potential ‎signatures are explored using data of different pendulums, whose oscillation periods and energetic relations are found to be ‎consistent with excitation by such a global mode within the limits of the model. The approach provides a conceptual ‎structural–informational perspective on inertia, mass, and gravitational dynamics.‎

Abstract
This article establishes the theoretical foundations of a structural–informational model of space–time in which the vacuum is treated as a ‎physically real, material–informational medium rather than an empty geometric background. Space–time is proposed to possess an intrinsic ‎cellular organization governed by a universal fundamental pressure, which acts as the primary stabilizing quantity for localized energy ‎configurations. Within this framework, energy localization is identified with finite space–time volumes, and mass emerges as a structural ‎manifestation of space–time deformation maintained by pressure equilibrium. Two distinct but interconnected structural levels are developed. ‎The normal space–time lattice forms locally in association with matter and underlies electromagnetic interactions, providing geometric ‎interpretations of electric charge and electromagnetic constants as response parameters of the structured vacuum. At a deeper level, a background ‎space–time lattice is introduced as a global, matter-independent structural state of the metric, responsible for gravitational dynamics. Collective ‎oscillations of this background lattice lead naturally to the prediction of a global low-frequency pulsation of space–time with a characteristic ‎frequency near 0.06 Hz, identified as an intrinsic eigenmode of the structured vacuum. The model bridges classical mechanics, general relativity, ‎and quantum behavior by extending the de Broglie relation to include cellular participation of space–time and by interpreting wave–particle ‎duality as a scale-dependent manifestation of cellular dynamics. Experimentally relevant consequences are examined, most notably neutron β-‎decay, where the observed neutron lifetime emerges as a geometric delay associated with electron propagation through the normal space–time ‎lattice. The close agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental measurements supports the physical reality of the proposed ‎structural parameters. Overall, the framework shifts the foundations of physics from material entities to the organization and dynamics of space–‎time itself.‎

Abstract
This manuscript develops a theoretical framework in which irradiated metal complexes interact with cellular membranes through a dual-boundary energetic structure that enables selective intracellular trapping. Building on prior work in electromagnetic flux guidance, zero-resistivity domains, and discontinuity surfaces, the membrane is modelled as two discrete dissipative boundaries enclosing a low-loss interior. When a complex with initial kinetic energy encounters the first boundary, an energy cost is imposed; a second equivalent cost appears at the exit interface. The resulting inequality system divides motion into three non-overlapping regimes: rejection E0 < W if , trapping if W < E0 < 2W , and full transmission if . In the trapping interval, the complex enters the interior but cannot exit because no real-valued propagation state remains after the second dissipation event. This produces directional asymmetry without invoking biochemical affinity entry and exit are not reversible operations, and confinement emerges from the disappearance of admissible solutions rather than from force, binding, or potential wells. The model therefore predicts a physically grounded mechanism by which pathological membranes with altered boundary cost could, in principle, exhibit different trapping behaviour than healthy cells. While no therapeutic or clinical claim is made, the analysis identifies measurable indicators boundary dissipation, interior continuity, and exit-state collapse that define how the hypothesis could be experimentally tested. The work concludes by framing this mechanism as a conditional, testable proposal in theoretical biophysics.

Abstract
A number of key predictions of the standard cosmological model are in tension with observations, including the apparent need for dark matter and dark energy, the Hubble tension, the S₈ tension, and the existence of seemingly “impossible” early galaxies. Together, these issues imply that only about 5% of the Universe’s matter–energy content is understood, yet they are typically examined in isolation. In this work, we explore a single unifying hypothesis: these diverse discrepancies may arise from a systematic misestimation of the speed of light on cosmological scales. We propose that the effective cosmological light speed is reduced by a factor of approximately 2.4 relative to its local vacuum value. This framework introduces no new forms of matter, fields, or laws; instead, it is grounded in general relativity through an extension of the Shapiro effect. From this assumption, we derive a set of quantitative predictions and compare them with observations across roughly a dozen major cosmological problems. The agreement obtained is consistently favorable, and the coherence of the approach strengthens its plausibility. While it may be premature to dismiss the standard model outright, our results suggest that its interpretation par-ticularly its assumption that the speed of light is universally equal to its local value requires reconsideration. We advocate pursuing this hypothesis in parallel with the ΛCDM model, as it offers a simple, unified alternative to the numerous ad hoc components currently invoked.

Abstract
There are two fundamental forces in nature: (1) the Gravitational Attractive Force (GAF), as described by Newtonian mechanics, and (2) the Buoyancy Force in the Gravitational Field (BFGF), as proposed in this study. These two forces influence motion such as orbital dynamics, rotational behavior of celestial bodies, free-fall trajectories, and the evaporation of matter within a gravitational field. Local activities are affected by larger bodies through the acceleration due to gravitational attraction (g), the Newtonian gravitational attractive force (Fn), the actual gravitational attractive force (Fa), and the buoyancy force of the gravitational field (B).

Abstract
In this study, we explore the interaction between two hypothesized fundamental forces in nature: the traditional Gravitational Attractive Force (GAF), as described by Newtonian mechanics, and a proposed Buoyancy Force of the Gravitational Field (BFGF). We suggest that the balance between these two forces governs various phenomena, including orbital motion, rotational dynamics, free-fall trajectories, and even evaporation processes. Using orbital velocity data of planets and their natural satellites, we propose a revised technique to reassess the masses of the Sun and planets. Our analysis suggests that these celestial bodies may possess significantly larger masses than previously estimated. Additionally, we argue that the interplay between GAF and BFGF could provide an alternative interpretation of redshift phenomena and support a steady-state model of the universe. The proposed model also links tidal forces to life processes on Earth, highlighting a novel perspective on planetary evolution and biological cycles. While this framework presents intriguing possibilities, further theoretical and observational validation is essential to confirm these ideas.

Abstract
In this work, we explore the evolution of the universe within a five-dimensional framework, where mass is considered an additional, independent dimension alongside the conventional three spatial dimensions and time. By extending Lorentz-type transformations to incorporate mass, we establish a direct relationship between the total mass and the age of the universe. This leads to a generalized metric expressed as r2= x2 + y2+ z2 - (ct)2- (G/c2M)2, where M denotes mass in kilograms, and G/c2 acts as a conversion factor expressing mass as a length-like dimension. Using this approach, we derive expressions showing that if the age of the universe at a given epoch is known, its total mass can be determined, and vice versa. The results yield an estimated present mass of approximately 1053 kg and an age of about 14 billion years, both in strong agreement with contemporary astrophysical observations. Additionally, we perform a detailed numerical comparison with the standard ΛCDM cosmological model, incorporating scale factor evolution and constant mass assumptions derived from Planck 2018 parameters. While both models exhibit similar numerical outputs at the present epoch, our five-dimensional framework introduces a novel geometrical perspective on cosmic evolution, suggesting alternative insights into the nature of mass, dark energy, and the structure of spacetime. This model offers a potentially unifying higher-dimensional approach to understanding the universe’s expansion history and large-scale structure.

Abstract
This study presents a novel theoretical framework unifying classical physics, quantum mechanics, and general relativity through the paradigm of energy transformation. It introduces the concept of constructive resonance coherent energy interactions that underlie the emergence of mass, matter, space, and time. Positioning time as an emergent property of energetic interactions, the paper proposes a modified interpretation of the Einstein Field Equations (EFE), incorporating the total cosmic energy density E, the speed of light to the fourth power c⁴, and the cosmological constant Λ. Central to this approach is the idea that photons initiate structural formation in the early universe, contributing to spacetime curvature and the cosmic microwave background. The model further explores a cyclical cosmology, in which the universe alternates between phases of expansion and contraction. Even in a seemingly static or “heat death” state, hidden quantum activity may sustain dynamic evolution. The framework suggests a Complexified Curvature Tensor to account for both observable and “hidden” energy contributions in spacetime geometry. Observational phenomena such as gravitational lensing, Mercury’s orbital precession, and gravitational waves are revisited to emphasize the foundational role of c⁴ in spacetime dynamics. This reinterpretation offers fresh insight into unresolved mysteries like dark energy, cosmic evolution, and the possible rebirth of the universe. Ultimately, the paper proposes that constructive energy interactions are the engine of cosmic structure, potentially reshaping our understanding of gravity, time, and the destiny of the universe.

Abstract
This paper explores the influence of a buoyancy-like force within the gravitational field on the orbital and rotational behavior of celestial bodies. Drawing an analogy from fluid mechanics, it is proposed that all matter, when immersed in a gravitational field, experiences a buoyant force similar to that observed in liquids. This gravitational buoyancy may play a significant role in the motion of celestial bodies. Through comparative analysis of orbital parameters involving the Earth, Moon, and Sun, the study suggests that the actual masses of the Earth and the Sun could be greater than current estimates. A mathematical model incorporating surface area and the inverse-square law is introduced to describe this additional force. The concept offers a potential extension to classical gravitational theory and may contribute to a deeper understanding of celestial mechanics.

Abstract
Special Relativity (SR) incorporates the concept of length contraction as a coordinate-dependent and symmetrical effect. According to SR, two observers in relative motion, each equipped with identical measuring rods, can both validly assert that the other's rod appears contracted. This paper challenges the physical interpretation of this principle by presenting a series of simplified thought experiments. These experiments reveal contradictions within SR, suggesting that the theory predicts two fundamentally different types of length contraction when applied to real-world scenarios. The results call for a critical reassessment of the role of length contraction in SR and invite further exploration of its theoretical consistency and implications for modern physics.

Abstract
This paper critically examines the assumptions underlying Albert Einstein's Special Relativity Theory (SR), particularly focusing on its treatment of light behavior in different reference frames and the resulting implications for time dilation and interstellar travel. While SR posits that the passage of time alters with velocity, approaching a standstill near the speed of light, we argue that this relies on a flawed assumption about the simultaneity of light observation across different frames. Through a detailed analysis of optical laws and the behavior of light, this paper contends that the conventional interpretation of time dilation and the possibility of faster-than-light travel may need re-evaluation. We suggest that time, rather than being a manipulable physical property, should be viewed as a metric for changes in velocity, calling for a nuanced understanding of its role in physical laws.

Abstract
This article investigates the enigmatic nature of dark matter, hypothesized to make up approximately 70% of the universe’s total mass. Despite decades of research using state-of-the-art equipment such as the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) experiment, direct detection of dark matter remains elusive, leading to skepticism and calls to revise existing theoretical frameworks. Rather than abandoning the search, this paper proposes an alternative investigative approach inspired by detective methodologies: using indirect evidence to infer the characteristics of an unseen phenomenon. The hypothesis presented posits that dark matter is a dual-component system comprising a superfluid-like medium and spherical particles. This system facilitates wave propagation, reduces cosmic friction, and supports the dynamic structure of the universe. Drawing analogies from structural engineering and mechanics, the article conceptualizes dark matter as a network of interconnected tunnels that allow the seamless movement of subatomic particles and waves. Finally, the study underscores the continued importance of dark matter research, asserting its pivotal role in explaining cosmic phenomena and the structure of the universe.

Abstract
This Neoclassical Gravitational Field Theory offers a potential alternative perspective on the nature of gravity by expanding
upon Newton’s classical law of gravitation. It seeks to address fundamental questions, such as why gravity functions as it does
and why nothing in the universe can escape its influence. This paper explores some of the long-standing mysteries of gravity,
including why masses are multiplied in Newton's gravitational formula and why objects accelerate at the same rate in a local
gravitational field, regardless of their structure or composition. By presenting a classical framework, this research aims to
provoke discussion and encourage further exploration of alternative explanations for gravity, potentially leading to a deeper
understanding of both gravity and the universe itself.

Abstract
While Monsignor Georges Lemaître has been a giant in the scientific community, his theory of the origin of the universe, known
as the Big Bang Theory, has come under scrutiny since the development of knowledge surrounding Dark Matter. This paper
argues that Monsignor Georges Lemaître theory of the Big Bang is wrong and unravels when considering the moving force of
the expansion of the universe. The research conducted for this paper demonstrates that the existence of the universe should be
thought of as originating through a primordial bud, rather than a primordial atom. This paper also argues that the universe
continues to grow in a pomological way with Dark Matter acting as its sap. This explanation puts forward a scientific way of
solving Lemaître’s problem of the “outside force” as well as the need to place all growth forces within the primordial atom itself.

Abstract
Cosmology is currently facing some major challenges. In addition to dark matter and dark energy, the issue of impossible galaxies has been brought to the fore by the James Webb Telescope. Something simple eludes us, and the various problems mentioned are interrelated. Our proposition is that, on the cosmological scale, it is appropriate to take a value of the speed of light c lower than its standard value c0 in vacuum. This defines an optical index n=c0/c. We account for this refringence by a Shapiro effect extended to the scale of the universe (use of Schwarzschild metric), described by its average density ρ and its equivalent gravitational radius R. Remarkably, universes with indices greater than two are entirely conceivable, and their characteristics are close to those we determine for our own. The velocities v of celestial objects are estimated from redshifts in ratios of the type v/c, where the speed c of light is usually taken to be equal to c0. With an equal v/c ratio (all things considered, only the v/c ratio has any meaning), dividing c0 by a certain factor α lowers the velocities v without postulating the existence of dark matter nor dark energy. Taking into account the problems cited earlier suggests a value of α close to 2.4. We are led to a lengthening of the age of the universe: it could reach 33 billion years. This would allow it to host in its relatively young phases objects that are already old and structured.