Mass and Age of the Evolving Five-Dimensional Universe as the Mass as its Fifth Dimension
Abstract
In this work, we explore the evolution of the universe within a five-dimensional framework, where mass is considered an additional, independent dimension alongside the conventional three spatial dimensions and time. By extending Lorentz-type transformations to incorporate mass, we establish a direct relationship between the total mass and the age of the universe. This leads to a generalized metric expressed as r2= x2 + y2+ z2 - (ct)2- (G/c2M)2, where M denotes mass in kilograms, and G/c2 acts as a conversion factor expressing mass as a length-like dimension. Using this approach, we derive expressions showing that if the age of the universe at a given epoch is known, its total mass can be determined, and vice versa. The results yield an estimated present mass of approximately 1053 kg and an age of about 14 billion years, both in strong agreement with contemporary astrophysical observations. Additionally, we perform a detailed numerical comparison with the standard ΛCDM cosmological model, incorporating scale factor evolution and constant mass assumptions derived from Planck 2018 parameters. While both models exhibit similar numerical outputs at the present epoch, our five-dimensional framework introduces a novel geometrical perspective on cosmic evolution, suggesting alternative insights into the nature of mass, dark energy, and the structure of spacetime. This model offers a potentially unifying higher-dimensional approach to understanding the universe’s expansion history and large-scale structure.