Published Articles Archive

Abstract
Reversible ternary circuit design has attracted considerable attention because ternary logic can reduce interconnection ‎complexity relative to binary logic and is compatible with emerging quantum-computing and nanotechnology platforms. This ‎study proposes a reversible 2-trit ternary parallel adder with a quantum cost of 23, one constant input, and three garbage ‎outputs. Compared with previously reported counterparts, the proposed adder requires lower quantum cost and fewer ‎constant inputs and garbage outputs. Based on this adder, a reversible arithmetic unit is developed for two 2-trit unsigned ‎ternary numbers. The unit performs six arithmetic operations: A+B, A−B, A+1, A−1, A+B+1, and A−B−1. The unsigned inputs ‎and outputs are represented within the decimal range from 0 to 8. A reversible arithmetic unit for two signed 2-trit ternary ‎numbers is also proposed. This circuit has a quantum cost of 32 and requires only one constant input. It performs the same six ‎arithmetic operations using the 3’s-complement representation over the range from −4 to +4. In addition, a new reversible ‎overflow detection module is introduced for signed addition and subtraction. By integrating this module with the proposed ‎signed arithmetic unit, a complete reversible ternary arithmetic circuit with overflow-detection capability is obtained. All ‎proposed circuits are constructed using 1-qutrit shift gates and 2-qutrit Muthukrishnan–Stroud gates, which are primitive ‎ternary gates suitable for implementation in ion-trap quantum-computing technology.‎

Abstract
This paper presents a revised and scientifically cautious formulation of the Fluid-dynamic Morphological Model (FMM), an exploratory computational framework for flux-based analysis of galactic systems using Hubble Space Telescope archival data. The method focuses on raw or minimally processed .flt images retrieved from MAST and extracts reproducible image-level descriptors, including mean flux, peak flux, integrated flux, radial intensity profiles, residual components, nuclear concentration indices, and VDR-like activity indicators. Rather than replacing standard gravitational, photometric, spectroscopic, or cosmological interpretations, FMM is presented as a complementary image-analysis approach inspired by fluid-dynamic terminology. In this formulation, galaxy morphology and nuclear activity are examined through spatial variations in flux concentration, radial structure, and residual asymmetry, with special attention to central regions and wake-like patterns. The framework is demonstrated through a representative HST FITS dataset and compared qualitatively with standard astronomical diagnostics. The results suggest that flux-derived indicators may help organize archival galaxy images, identify regions of morphological asymmetry or enhanced activity, and select targets for deeper astrophysical modeling. The paper defines the model assumptions, diagnostic quantities, processing workflow, limitations, and reproducibility requirements. The revised interpretation emphasizes uncertainty, dimensional consistency, and compatibility with established astrophysical methods, while preserving the author’s original aim of developing an accessible and automated pipeline for exploratory analysis of galactic systems.

Abstract
Building upon our previous studies, we introduce a generalized metric, denoted G, ‎describing the average gravitational field of a homogeneous universe. Starting from the ‎weak-field approximation of the Schwarzschild metric, the local gravitational contribution ‎of an isolated mass is extended to a continuous cosmological matter distribution, leading ‎to a global gravitational potential proportional to ρ_u R_u^2, where ρ_u is the mean cosmic ‎density and R_u is the Hubble radius. The resulting metric naturally defines an effective ‎cosmological refractive index. For a universe at critical density, this index is found to be ‎exactly 2, while departures from perfect homogeneity may increase it toward approximately ‎‎2.4. We further show that incorporating the gravitational potential of the universe into the ‎metric provides a quantitative framework connecting critical density, Mach’s principle, ‎inertia, and the equivalence of inertial and gravitational mass. Within this approach, ‎cosmic flatness is interpreted as a natural consequence of the global gravitational structure ‎rather than as a property requiring finely tuned initial conditions. The proposed framework ‎offers an alternative perspective on several outstanding problems in cosmology while ‎remaining within the weak-field approximation of general relativity. Its broader ‎cosmological implications, including possible reinterpretations of phenomena commonly ‎attributed to dark matter and dark energy, are discussed cautiously and presented as ‎directions for further investigation.‎

Abstract
The characterization of compact multiplanetary systems provides important insights into ‎planetary structure, orbital architecture, irradiation environments, and long-term ‎dynamical stability. In this work, the newly confirmed TOI-5624 system is investigated as a ‎five-planet system composed of TOI-5624 b, c, d, e, and f. The analysis is based on ‎observational data from the NASA Exoplanet Archive, combined with a reproducible ‎Python-based computational framework. A set of physical, orbital, thermal, and first-order ‎dynamical parameters is examined, including semi-major axis, orbital period, planetary ‎mass and radius, bulk density, equilibrium temperature, stellar flux, surface gravity, escape ‎velocity, period ratios between successive planets, and mutual Hill separations. Semi-‎major axes are independently calculated using Kepler’s third law and compared with ‎archive values, showing excellent agreement with differences below approximately 0.11 ‎percent. The results indicate that TOI-5624 is a compact multiplanetary system with ‎planets distributed between approximately 0.042 AU and 0.237 AU. The orbital period ‎ratios between successive planets are approximately 2.326, 1.741, 1.565, and 2.111, ‎suggesting a non-resonant but dynamically ordered architecture with near-‎commensurabilities. The mutual Hill separation analysis shows that all adjacent planet ‎pairs exceed both the classical two-planet Hill-stability limit of 2√3 and the conservative ‎empirical spacing threshold of Δ=10, indicating that the nominal system architecture is ‎well separated against immediate close encounters at the first-order level. The equilibrium ‎temperatures range from about 478.5 K to 1136 K, while the incident stellar flux spans from ‎approximately 8.7 to more than 275 times the Earth’s flux, indicating a strongly irradiated ‎system with no planet in an Earth-like habitable environment. This study provides a ‎consistent computational characterization of the TOI-5624 system and demonstrates a ‎reproducible first-order framework for examining the physical properties, irradiation ‎environment, orbital architecture, and dynamical spacing of newly confirmed compact ‎multiplanetary systems.‎

Abstract
This work proposes a structural–informational model of space–time in which a global low-frequency background oscillation ‎‎(~0.06 Hz) plays a fundamental role in the dynamics and stability of physical systems across all scales. Based on pendulum ‎experiments and a re-examination of Brownian motion, it is argued that purely stochastic molecular impacts are insufficient ‎to explain sustained particle motion. Instead, both macroscopic oscillators (such as Foucault and torsion pendula) and ‎microscopic particles are interpreted as responding to a universal space–time pulsation. The model further reveals a structural ‎correspondence between this space–time pulsation and the cosmic microwave background, suggesting a common underlying ‎physical origin. Within the proposed framework, gravity emerges from a fundamental vacuum pressure acting on a cellular ‎background structure of space–time, while Newton’s gravitational constant is interpreted as an effective parameter arising ‎from the balance between this pressure and a newly introduced surface mass–energy density (SMED). Modified de Broglie ‎relations explicitly incorporate background space–time cells, providing a unified description of orbital dynamics for both ‎micro- and macro-objects. Elementary particles are interpreted as localized soliton-like excitations of space–time energy, with ‎proton structure described by a Gaussian standing-wave configuration whose internal nodal patterns are associated with ‎quark confinement. Mass generation is treated as a geometric–energetic property of space–time rather than as a consequence ‎of interaction with a scalar Higgs field. The approach links gravitation, electromagnetism, and strong interactions to a single ‎underlying physical mechanism associated with vacuum pressure and predicts that dark matter may correspond to stabilized ‎background space–time cells. Overall, the results suggest that matter, fields, and interactions arise from a common structural ‎dynamic of space–time, accessible in principle through low-frequency oscillatory phenomena.‎

Abstract
A low-frequency pulsation of the metric structure of space–time with a characteristic frequency of approximately 0.06 Hz is ‎theoretically examined within a structural–informational framework. This oscillatory mode is considered as a global ‎background feature consistent with experimental data within the proposed framework, which may influence the dynamics of ‎particles and macroscopic objects. The phenomenon is treated as having a gravitational origin and is associated, in the ‎proposed model, with variations in the energy density of space–time. The characteristic frequency emerges from the dynamics ‎of a background space–time lattice, representing a deeper structural level governing gravitational interaction. Potential ‎signatures are explored using data of different pendulums, whose oscillation periods and energetic relations are found to be ‎consistent with excitation by such a global mode within the limits of the model. The approach provides a conceptual ‎structural–informational perspective on inertia, mass, and gravitational dynamics.‎

Abstract
This article establishes the theoretical foundations of a structural–informational model of space–time in which the vacuum is treated as a ‎physically real, material–informational medium rather than an empty geometric background. Space–time is proposed to possess an intrinsic ‎cellular organization governed by a universal fundamental pressure, which acts as the primary stabilizing quantity for localized energy ‎configurations. Within this framework, energy localization is identified with finite space–time volumes, and mass emerges as a structural ‎manifestation of space–time deformation maintained by pressure equilibrium. Two distinct but interconnected structural levels are developed. ‎The normal space–time lattice forms locally in association with matter and underlies electromagnetic interactions, providing geometric ‎interpretations of electric charge and electromagnetic constants as response parameters of the structured vacuum. At a deeper level, a background ‎space–time lattice is introduced as a global, matter-independent structural state of the metric, responsible for gravitational dynamics. Collective ‎oscillations of this background lattice lead naturally to the prediction of a global low-frequency pulsation of space–time with a characteristic ‎frequency near 0.06 Hz, identified as an intrinsic eigenmode of the structured vacuum. The model bridges classical mechanics, general relativity, ‎and quantum behavior by extending the de Broglie relation to include cellular participation of space–time and by interpreting wave–particle ‎duality as a scale-dependent manifestation of cellular dynamics. Experimentally relevant consequences are examined, most notably neutron β-‎decay, where the observed neutron lifetime emerges as a geometric delay associated with electron propagation through the normal space–time ‎lattice. The close agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental measurements supports the physical reality of the proposed ‎structural parameters. Overall, the framework shifts the foundations of physics from material entities to the organization and dynamics of space–‎time itself.‎

Abstract
Absolutivity theory introduces an objective reality of time within a true four-dimensional spacetime model built on universal ‎simultaneity and an expanding three-dimensional space continuum. The theory unifies asymptotic modified Newtonian ‎gravity with quantum theory within an orthogonal four-dimensional framework that opposes intrinsic spacetime curvature ‎and eliminates gravitational singularities. This paper presents three physical applications of Absolutivity theory: black holes ‎and Hawking radiation, four-dimensional harmonics wave theory, and the mass-gravity property. For black holes and ‎Hawking radiation, Absolutivity predicts a hidden vacuum area located between the massive core and the Schwarzschild ‎radius. Within this region, both photons and mass particles can orbit according to Lagrange's principle of stationary action. ‎Photons experience curvature in a gravitational field without requiring an attractive force, as they possess no mass-gravity ‎property. The theory supports the existence of Hawking radiation from a classical continuum perspective but does not predict ‎complete evaporation of the black hole core. In four-dimensional harmonics wave theory, the true spacetime topology allows ‎energy to ingress from three independent spatial directions toward a single spacetime point. This yields a theoretical energy ‎concentration higher by a factor of the square root of three compared to the one-dimensional Mizohata-Takeuchi conjecture. ‎The treatment emphasizes that dimensional density of energy must be properly accounted for in harmonic analysis. ‎Regarding the mass-gravity property, the gravitational potential field of a particle is shown to be velocity-dependent. As a ‎particle approaches the speed of light, its gravity field becomes confined within the particle structure and cannot radiate ‎outward. Consequently, measurements of gravitational potential fields cannot provide an accurate estimate of the total mass ‎present in the universe. These applications demonstrate that Absolutivity offers a deterministic, causality-embedded, non-‎curved spacetime framework capable of addressing both quantum and astrophysical phenomena.‎

Abstract
The inverse function occupies a special position in elementary calculus because the standard power-law rule for integration ‎fails for a particular exponent. This exceptional behavior motivates a broader investigation into the mathematical structure of ‎logarithmic and hyperbolic functions. In this article we examine the asymptotic behavior of logarithmic and inverse functions, ‎with particular emphasis on singularities, asymptotes, and intersection structure. We investigate how logarithmic behavior ‎naturally emerges from inverse power relationships and discuss the geometric significance of the transition between these two ‎classes of functions. The discussion is then extended toward conceptual analogies in physics, especially in relation to ‎asymptotic behavior appearing in special relativity and gravitational theory. Rather than proposing modifications to ‎established physical theories, the article explores mathematical parallels between divergent structures, limiting processes, and ‎physical interpretation.‎ The aim of this work is therefore not to replace existing physical theories, but to highlight mathematical patterns that recur in ‎both analysis and theoretical physics.‎

Abstract
This work extends previous investigations into the relationship between the Einsteinian ‎Hamiltonian formulation and the Musakhail aether-based Lagrangian description of ‎dynamics. While earlier studies established their simultaneous role in the Newtonian-‎Einsteinian framework, the present paper focuses specifically on a formal Lagrangian ‎dynamical analysis in order to derive the corresponding equation of motion. Within the ‎proposed framework, the resulting dynamics suggest a correspondence in which the ‎classical relation F=ma transitions naturally toward the relativistic energy expression E=‎mc^2, interpreted here through the restoration of Newtonian behavior during the so-called ‎Reverse Higgs process. In this regime, the effective mass remains constant (m=m_e ) ‎rather than velocity-dependent, permitting a force-based description of particle-wave ‎interaction. The analysis further introduces a rotating Einstein energy vector derived from ‎the invariant relation E^2=(pc)^2+(m_0 c^2 )^2, which is employed to describe the ‎cyclic interaction between fermionic constituents and electromagnetic wave structure. This ‎approach yields a dual interpretative framework in which either photon energy extraction or ‎spin measurement may occur, depending on the observational configuration. The ‎formalism also explores a complex representation in which the orthogonal axis is treated as ‎imaginary, producing a geometrical interpretation associated with oscillatory spin states of ‎fermions (±1/2) and photons (0,±1). The resulting model suggests an underlying ‎symmetry between fermionic and bosonic spin states within the proposed aether-‎dynamical environment, providing a phenomenological bridge between classical force ‎dynamics and relativistic energy relations.‎

Abstract
This paper presents an exploratory, force-based framework for gravitation and ‎electrodynamics, motivated by a correspondence between Musakhail's aether dynamics ‎and Einsteinian special relativity. These two perspectives are interpreted through the lens of ‎Lagrangian-Hamiltonian duality, wherein force-based formulations (Lagrangian) and ‎energy-based formulations (Hamiltonian) are treated as complementary descriptions of ‎underlying physical dynamics. The aims of this work are threefold. First, to develop a force-‎based interpretation of gravitational interactions by examining Musakhail's force relation, ‎F=c^2 (m-m_0 ) in parallel with the relativistic energy expression, E^2=(pc)^2+‎‎(m_0 c^2 )^2 highlighting their dual structure. Second, to introduce and analyze two ‎exploratory electromagnetic four-vectors (J·E,E×B) and (ħω,v×B) employing an ‎extremization principle as a heuristic tool for investigating structural analogies between ‎dissipation, Poynting flux, and Lorentz-force dynamics. Third, to explore a minimal-scale ‎electro-gravitational correspondence through helical flux-tube geometries and a constant-‎mass acceleration mechanism, suggesting possible shared features between fermionic ‎transport and electromagnetic field configurations. The extremization procedure, in which ‎the scalar component of a four-vector is set equal to the magnitude of its vector ‎component, is applied heuristically to reveal formal parallels rather than to derive rigorous ‎field equations. Within this phenomenological model, gravitational interactions are ‎considered as collective nuclear-scale force processes, while electromagnetic energy ‎transport is examined through Lorentz-force cancellation and Poynting-flow relations. The ‎helical flux-tube structures provide a unifying geometric motif, with effective tension ‎identified with Newtonian gravitational force. This work is intended as a conceptual and ‎phenomenological exploration rather than a replacement for established relativistic field ‎theories. Its physical relevance depends on further mathematical development and ‎empirical validation. Several qualitative, testable consequences are outlined to motivate ‎future theoretical refinement and experimental assessment.‎

Abstract
This article develops a theoretical and conceptual mathematical framework for representing marriage, family structure, and ‎divorce. The framework combines set-theoretic representation, normalized similarity measures, active-bond dynamics, ‎probability trees, and ideas from complex systems. Each person is modeled as a time-dependent attribute structure embedded ‎in a universal attribute space. The central modeling assumption is a non-identity principle: within a sufficiently rich ‎description, two distinct persons are represented by non-identical identity structures. Interpersonal closeness is therefore not ‎defined by complete equality, but by normalized overlap measures such as the Jaccard index and, in a more general ‎formulation, by weighted or fuzzy similarity measures. Marriage is modeled not merely as the intersection of two person-sets, ‎but as an active marital-bond structure supported by shared values, emotional attachment, cooperation, legal or symbolic ‎commitment, residence, children, shared responsibilities, and common goals. Love is represented as a time-dependent ‎reinforcement variable that may increase, decrease, stabilize, or recover according to interaction history, conflict, repair ‎capacity, and deliberate maintenance. Because relationship outcomes are high-dimensional, context-sensitive, and path-‎dependent, the article does not propose a universal deterministic equation for marriage or divorce. Instead, it formulates a ‎probability-tree representation in which branch probabilities may depend on personality, culture, socioeconomic pressure, ‎family interference, previous reactions, and timing. Divorce is defined as the collapse of the active marital-bond measure ‎rather than the disappearance of all shared attributes. The framework is extended to nuclear and extended family structures ‎and is connected to family systems theory, mathematical sociology, agent-based modeling, and complex-systems reasoning. ‎The numerical examples and Monte Carlo simulation included in the article are illustrative and are not presented as empirical ‎divorce predictions. No empirical validation is reported in the present paper. Rather, the model is proposed as a formal ‎theoretical scaffold designed for near-future empirical testing, in which the marital-bond measure and probability-tree branch ‎probabilities may be operationalized, estimated, and evaluated using longitudinal couple data.‎

Abstract
This article presents a conceptual framework for innovative therapeutic interventions for neurodivergent couples through the integration of the neurodiversity approach and the double empathy model. Utilizing an analytical-review methodology, this article systematically examines and synthesizes contemporary interdisciplinary literature on neurodiversity, intimate relationships, autism, ADHD, and couples therapy. The analysis indicates that many relational difficulties in neurodivergent partnerships arise not from unilateral empathic deficits but from reciprocal differences in cognitive processing, communication styles, and sensory experiences. The proposed framework emphasizes four interrelated clinical domains: psychoeducation grounded in neurodiversity principles, explicit communication structuring, sensory environment modulation, and conflict reframing through the lens of the double empathy model. Integrating these perspectives shifts therapeutic focus from correcting individual “deficits” to fostering mutual understanding between differing perceptual and social systems. By promoting reciprocal empathy, relational adaptation, and acceptance of neurological differences, this integrative model offers a transformative direction for couples therapy. The article concludes by outlining implications for therapist training and future empirical research aimed at developing evidence-based protocols tailored to neurodivergent couples.

Abstract
Marital conflict is among the most common issues faced by couples, and unresolved conflicts can lead to numerous familial problems. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of Imago therapy training on emotional acceptance and spirituality among married female students experiencing marital conflicts. Imago Therapy is a relational and integrative approach based on attachment and developmental theories, which helps partners explore unconscious childhood patterns that influence their adult relationships. By fostering mutual empathy, emotional awareness, and dialogue, it facilitates greater acceptance of emotions and nurtures a deeper sense of spirituality and connection within relationships. The statistical population included all married female students who referred to the counseling center of Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, during the 2024-2025 academic year. The sample consisted of 30 participants, selected through convenience sampling, who were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (15 in each). After a pretest, participants in the experimental group received Imago therapy training based on the standard ten-session protocol (each session 90 minutes). A posttest and a two-month follow-up were conducted thereafter. Data were collected using the Marital Conflicts Questionnaire (MKCS) and the relevant subscales of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) assessing emotional acceptance and spirituality. Data analysis was performed using mixed repeated measures ANOVA in SPSS 26. The results showed that Imago therapy significantly increased emotional acceptance and spirituality among married female students with marital conflicts (p

Abstract
The concept of mental disorder remains one of the most philosophically complex and clinically significant constructs in ‎psychiatry. Although international classification systems such as ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR provide operational definitions, ‎fundamental conceptual ambiguities persist regarding the distinction between pathology, cultural variation, and socially ‎deviant behavior. In Japan, where psychiatric practice primarily follows the ICD system and cultural context plays a central ‎role in shaping normative expectations, definitional clarity is particularly important. This article develops a strengthened ‎conceptual framework grounded in three interdependent criteria: culturally contextualized deviation, harmfulness, and ‎epistemic incomprehensibility requiring professional explanatory systems. Through theoretical analysis and integration of ‎philosophy of psychiatry, cultural psychology, and Japanese sociocultural considerations, the study proposes a refined ‎descriptive definition of mental disorder. The model clarifies the boundary between pathology and rationally intelligible ‎misconduct while maintaining compatibility with contemporary psychiatric practice.‎

Abstract
This manuscript develops a theoretical framework in which irradiated metal complexes interact with cellular membranes through a dual-boundary energetic structure that enables selective intracellular trapping. Building on prior work in electromagnetic flux guidance, zero-resistivity domains, and discontinuity surfaces, the membrane is modelled as two discrete dissipative boundaries enclosing a low-loss interior. When a complex with initial kinetic energy encounters the first boundary, an energy cost is imposed; a second equivalent cost appears at the exit interface. The resulting inequality system divides motion into three non-overlapping regimes: rejection E0 < W if , trapping if W < E0 < 2W , and full transmission if . In the trapping interval, the complex enters the interior but cannot exit because no real-valued propagation state remains after the second dissipation event. This produces directional asymmetry without invoking biochemical affinity entry and exit are not reversible operations, and confinement emerges from the disappearance of admissible solutions rather than from force, binding, or potential wells. The model therefore predicts a physically grounded mechanism by which pathological membranes with altered boundary cost could, in principle, exhibit different trapping behaviour than healthy cells. While no therapeutic or clinical claim is made, the analysis identifies measurable indicators boundary dissipation, interior continuity, and exit-state collapse that define how the hypothesis could be experimentally tested. The work concludes by framing this mechanism as a conditional, testable proposal in theoretical biophysics.

Abstract
A number of key predictions of the standard cosmological model are in tension with observations, including the apparent need for dark matter and dark energy, the Hubble tension, the S₈ tension, and the existence of seemingly “impossible” early galaxies. Together, these issues imply that only about 5% of the Universe’s matter–energy content is understood, yet they are typically examined in isolation. In this work, we explore a single unifying hypothesis: these diverse discrepancies may arise from a systematic misestimation of the speed of light on cosmological scales. We propose that the effective cosmological light speed is reduced by a factor of approximately 2.4 relative to its local vacuum value. This framework introduces no new forms of matter, fields, or laws; instead, it is grounded in general relativity through an extension of the Shapiro effect. From this assumption, we derive a set of quantitative predictions and compare them with observations across roughly a dozen major cosmological problems. The agreement obtained is consistently favorable, and the coherence of the approach strengthens its plausibility. While it may be premature to dismiss the standard model outright, our results suggest that its interpretation par-ticularly its assumption that the speed of light is universally equal to its local value requires reconsideration. We advocate pursuing this hypothesis in parallel with the ΛCDM model, as it offers a simple, unified alternative to the numerous ad hoc components currently invoked.

Abstract
There are two fundamental forces in nature: (1) the Gravitational Attractive Force (GAF), as described by Newtonian mechanics, and (2) the Buoyancy Force in the Gravitational Field (BFGF), as proposed in this study. These two forces influence motion such as orbital dynamics, rotational behavior of celestial bodies, free-fall trajectories, and the evaporation of matter within a gravitational field. Local activities are affected by larger bodies through the acceleration due to gravitational attraction (g), the Newtonian gravitational attractive force (Fn), the actual gravitational attractive force (Fa), and the buoyancy force of the gravitational field (B).

Abstract
In this study, we explore the interaction between two hypothesized fundamental forces in nature: the traditional Gravitational Attractive Force (GAF), as described by Newtonian mechanics, and a proposed Buoyancy Force of the Gravitational Field (BFGF). We suggest that the balance between these two forces governs various phenomena, including orbital motion, rotational dynamics, free-fall trajectories, and even evaporation processes. Using orbital velocity data of planets and their natural satellites, we propose a revised technique to reassess the masses of the Sun and planets. Our analysis suggests that these celestial bodies may possess significantly larger masses than previously estimated. Additionally, we argue that the interplay between GAF and BFGF could provide an alternative interpretation of redshift phenomena and support a steady-state model of the universe. The proposed model also links tidal forces to life processes on Earth, highlighting a novel perspective on planetary evolution and biological cycles. While this framework presents intriguing possibilities, further theoretical and observational validation is essential to confirm these ideas.

Abstract
In this work, we explore the evolution of the universe within a five-dimensional framework, where mass is considered an additional, independent dimension alongside the conventional three spatial dimensions and time. By extending Lorentz-type transformations to incorporate mass, we establish a direct relationship between the total mass and the age of the universe. This leads to a generalized metric expressed as r2= x2 + y2+ z2 - (ct)2- (G/c2M)2, where M denotes mass in kilograms, and G/c2 acts as a conversion factor expressing mass as a length-like dimension. Using this approach, we derive expressions showing that if the age of the universe at a given epoch is known, its total mass can be determined, and vice versa. The results yield an estimated present mass of approximately 1053 kg and an age of about 14 billion years, both in strong agreement with contemporary astrophysical observations. Additionally, we perform a detailed numerical comparison with the standard ΛCDM cosmological model, incorporating scale factor evolution and constant mass assumptions derived from Planck 2018 parameters. While both models exhibit similar numerical outputs at the present epoch, our five-dimensional framework introduces a novel geometrical perspective on cosmic evolution, suggesting alternative insights into the nature of mass, dark energy, and the structure of spacetime. This model offers a potentially unifying higher-dimensional approach to understanding the universe’s expansion history and large-scale structure.