Published Articles Archive

Abstract
Absolutivity theory introduces an objective reality of time within a true four-dimensional spacetime model built on universal ‎simultaneity and an expanding three-dimensional space continuum. The theory unifies asymptotic modified Newtonian ‎gravity with quantum theory within an orthogonal four-dimensional framework that opposes intrinsic spacetime curvature ‎and eliminates gravitational singularities. This paper presents three physical applications of Absolutivity theory: black holes ‎and Hawking radiation, four-dimensional harmonics wave theory, and the mass-gravity property. For black holes and ‎Hawking radiation, Absolutivity predicts a hidden vacuum area located between the massive core and the Schwarzschild ‎radius. Within this region, both photons and mass particles can orbit according to Lagrange's principle of stationary action. ‎Photons experience curvature in a gravitational field without requiring an attractive force, as they possess no mass-gravity ‎property. The theory supports the existence of Hawking radiation from a classical continuum perspective but does not predict ‎complete evaporation of the black hole core. In four-dimensional harmonics wave theory, the true spacetime topology allows ‎energy to ingress from three independent spatial directions toward a single spacetime point. This yields a theoretical energy ‎concentration higher by a factor of the square root of three compared to the one-dimensional Mizohata-Takeuchi conjecture. ‎The treatment emphasizes that dimensional density of energy must be properly accounted for in harmonic analysis. ‎Regarding the mass-gravity property, the gravitational potential field of a particle is shown to be velocity-dependent. As a ‎particle approaches the speed of light, its gravity field becomes confined within the particle structure and cannot radiate ‎outward. Consequently, measurements of gravitational potential fields cannot provide an accurate estimate of the total mass ‎present in the universe. These applications demonstrate that Absolutivity offers a deterministic, causality-embedded, non-‎curved spacetime framework capable of addressing both quantum and astrophysical phenomena.‎

Abstract
The inverse function occupies a special position in elementary calculus because the standard power-law rule for integration ‎fails for a particular exponent. This exceptional behavior motivates a broader investigation into the mathematical structure of ‎logarithmic and hyperbolic functions. In this article we examine the asymptotic behavior of logarithmic and inverse functions, ‎with particular emphasis on singularities, asymptotes, and intersection structure. We investigate how logarithmic behavior ‎naturally emerges from inverse power relationships and discuss the geometric significance of the transition between these two ‎classes of functions. The discussion is then extended toward conceptual analogies in physics, especially in relation to ‎asymptotic behavior appearing in special relativity and gravitational theory. Rather than proposing modifications to ‎established physical theories, the article explores mathematical parallels between divergent structures, limiting processes, and ‎physical interpretation.‎ The aim of this work is therefore not to replace existing physical theories, but to highlight mathematical patterns that recur in ‎both analysis and theoretical physics.‎

Abstract
This work extends previous investigations into the relationship between the Einsteinian ‎Hamiltonian formulation and the Musakhail aether-based Lagrangian description of ‎dynamics. While earlier studies established their simultaneous role in the Newtonian-‎Einsteinian framework, the present paper focuses specifically on a formal Lagrangian ‎dynamical analysis in order to derive the corresponding equation of motion. Within the ‎proposed framework, the resulting dynamics suggest a correspondence in which the ‎classical relation F=ma transitions naturally toward the relativistic energy expression E=‎mc^2, interpreted here through the restoration of Newtonian behavior during the so-called ‎Reverse Higgs process. In this regime, the effective mass remains constant (m=m_e ) ‎rather than velocity-dependent, permitting a force-based description of particle-wave ‎interaction. The analysis further introduces a rotating Einstein energy vector derived from ‎the invariant relation E^2=(pc)^2+(m_0 c^2 )^2, which is employed to describe the ‎cyclic interaction between fermionic constituents and electromagnetic wave structure. This ‎approach yields a dual interpretative framework in which either photon energy extraction or ‎spin measurement may occur, depending on the observational configuration. The ‎formalism also explores a complex representation in which the orthogonal axis is treated as ‎imaginary, producing a geometrical interpretation associated with oscillatory spin states of ‎fermions (±1/2) and photons (0,±1). The resulting model suggests an underlying ‎symmetry between fermionic and bosonic spin states within the proposed aether-‎dynamical environment, providing a phenomenological bridge between classical force ‎dynamics and relativistic energy relations.‎

Abstract
This paper presents an exploratory, force-based framework for gravitation and ‎electrodynamics, motivated by a correspondence between Musakhail's aether dynamics ‎and Einsteinian special relativity. These two perspectives are interpreted through the lens of ‎Lagrangian-Hamiltonian duality, wherein force-based formulations (Lagrangian) and ‎energy-based formulations (Hamiltonian) are treated as complementary descriptions of ‎underlying physical dynamics. The aims of this work are threefold. First, to develop a force-‎based interpretation of gravitational interactions by examining Musakhail's force relation, ‎F=c^2 (m-m_0 ) in parallel with the relativistic energy expression, E^2=(pc)^2+‎‎(m_0 c^2 )^2 highlighting their dual structure. Second, to introduce and analyze two ‎exploratory electromagnetic four-vectors (J·E,E×B) and (ħω,v×B) employing an ‎extremization principle as a heuristic tool for investigating structural analogies between ‎dissipation, Poynting flux, and Lorentz-force dynamics. Third, to explore a minimal-scale ‎electro-gravitational correspondence through helical flux-tube geometries and a constant-‎mass acceleration mechanism, suggesting possible shared features between fermionic ‎transport and electromagnetic field configurations. The extremization procedure, in which ‎the scalar component of a four-vector is set equal to the magnitude of its vector ‎component, is applied heuristically to reveal formal parallels rather than to derive rigorous ‎field equations. Within this phenomenological model, gravitational interactions are ‎considered as collective nuclear-scale force processes, while electromagnetic energy ‎transport is examined through Lorentz-force cancellation and Poynting-flow relations. The ‎helical flux-tube structures provide a unifying geometric motif, with effective tension ‎identified with Newtonian gravitational force. This work is intended as a conceptual and ‎phenomenological exploration rather than a replacement for established relativistic field ‎theories. Its physical relevance depends on further mathematical development and ‎empirical validation. Several qualitative, testable consequences are outlined to motivate ‎future theoretical refinement and experimental assessment.‎

Abstract
Metal-based complexes are widely investigated for their ability to disrupt DNA replication in cancer cells; however, achieving selective transport into malignant cells while avoiding healthy tissue remains a central challenge. In this work, we propose a theoretical model in which electromagnetic excitation facilitates the transport of metal complexes across cellular lipid membranes, with selectivity arising from differences in membrane thickness and associated electromagnetic response. The model treats membrane traversal as an energetically constrained process governed by electromagnetic flux-tube–like transport channels, where the efficiency of transmission depends sensitively on membrane geometry and dissipation. By formulating a frequency-dependent criterion linking photon energy to membrane thickness, we demonstrate that, in principle, irradiation at specific frequencies could preferentially enhance transport into cancer cells while suppressing penetration into healthy cells. The analysis is exploratory and theoretical in nature, aiming to establish a physically motivated framework rather than a clinical protocol. Experimental validation is required to assess biological feasibility, safety, and efficacy. Nonetheless, the model provides a novel perspective on membrane-selective transport mechanisms that may inform future investigations in electromagnetic drug delivery and cancer therapy.

Abstract
The Earth Similarity Index (ESI) is a quantitative metric designed to evaluate how closely an exoplanet resembles Earth based on key physical parameters. This study conducts a comparative assessment of four ESI calculation methods: the Radius–Flux method (ESI(R-F)), the Ratio and Exponent Method (ESI(REM)), the Weighted Difference Method (ESI(WDM)), and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (ESI(AHP)). These approaches incorporate combinations of planetary radius, density, escape velocity, surface temperature, and stellar flux, normalized to Earth standards. The manuscript systematically derives each method, applies them to hypothetical exoplanets, and extends calculations to a large sample of observed planets. Results show that the four methods vary in sensitivity to planetary parameters, with ESI(AHP) offering structured weighting and ESI(WDM) allowing more flexible parametrization. The comparative evaluation highlights the strengths and limitations of each method for identifying potentially habitable exoplanets. This work contributes to improving multi-criteria assessments of planetary Earth-likeness and provides a foundation for future refinement of habitability indices.

Abstract
This study presents a theoretical framework of gravitational-aether dynamics to explain the anomalously high surface temperature of Venus. The model links planetary rotation rate to an internal coupling between gravitational and electromagnetic fields, suggesting that slow rotation reduces outward energy dissipation and increases internal heat retention. A potential-based formulation is developed, combining an inner harmonic potential (valid inside a uniform-density sphere) and an outer hyperbolic potential (applicable beyond the surface). The transition between these regimes defines a differentiable “potential well” that corresponds to the region of maximum gravitational time dilation and energy concentration. By extending this framework thermodynamically, the minimization of gravitational potential is shown to correspond to entropy maximization, connecting planetary rotation, aether dynamics, and heat equilibrium. The results suggest that Venus’s extreme surface temperature may arise naturally from this aether-mediated force unification, offering an alternative interpretation to purely radiative or greenhouse explanations.

Abstract
This paper proposes a radical reinterpretation of electron dynamics in atoms, arguing for a fundamental revision of both Bohr and Schrödinger atomic models. Introducing the concept of a "Reverse Higgs process," the authors suggest that electrons can lose their rest mass and propagate at the speed of light as massless entities on electromagnetic or so-called "ghost" waves. The work challenges conventional quantum mechanical views of the radial wavefunction ψ(R), proposing instead that ψ(R) represents a constant orbital size rather than a probabilistic distribution. The authors present a geometric reinterpretation of orbital shapes using twisted rope analogies to explain transitions between s-, p-, d-, and f-orbitals, emphasizing that space-time curvature naturally leads to orbital quantization. By distinguishing between ghost waves and true electromagnetic waves, the study further argues that electron trajectories are well-defined rather than probabilistic clouds, effectively reinterpreting quantum entanglement and spin. Ultimately, the paper claims to complete Einstein’s theory of special relativity and suggests a unified framework for understanding electron propagation, molecular bonding, and the structure of complex molecules. This new perspective has implications for foundational physics and chemistry, challenging longstanding interpretations and proposing an alternative geometric and dynamic basis for atomic and molecular behavior.

Abstract
This paper presents a speculative theoretical framework proposing that dark energy, beyond its cosmological role in the accelerated expansion of the universe, may also influence atomic coherence, biological organization, consciousness, and the evolutionary process. Drawing from concepts in cosmology, quantum mechanics, neuroscience, and metaphysics, the author develops symbolic models and thought experiments to explore the unifying role of dark energy across cosmic and quantum scales. While not experimentally verifiable, the work offers a conceptual basis for interpreting life, consciousness, and existence as outcomes of energy-based programs governed by dark energy. The discussion includes metaphoric equations, illustrative diagrams, and analogical reasoning to bridge current scientific theories with speculative metaphysical ideas, inviting further interdisciplinary discourse.

Abstract
This paper develops a novel theory of atomic and molecular orbitals grounded in a broader quantum physics framework articulated across four prior volumes. The central hypothesis posits that atomic orbitals are fixed, geometrically defined structures—unlike the probabilistic “fuzzy” models arising from the unsolved radial part of the Schrödinger equation. While the angular component of the wavefunction ψ(θ,ϕ) has been successfully derived and utilized to classify orbital types (s- and p-orbitals), this work emphasizes a complementary geometric interpretation. Molecular orbitals, in this theory, are formed by the direct “touching” of atomic orbitals, with bonding permitted only when the change in angular momentum quantum number satisfies Δl=±1. Electrons traverse the surfaces of these orbitals at the speed of light (v=c). This requirement results in a characteristic bonding sequence of p–s–p–s… in molecular systems. An s-orbit, being devoid of angular momentum, causes electrons to reverse direction at specific nodes, giving rise to oscillatory angular behavior. This contrasts with p-orbitals, where motion involves rotation about the z-axis. These principles set the foundation for a re-examination of π-bonding and aromaticity, suggesting that even an isolated double bond constitutes a minimal aromatic system (n = 0), governed by dynamic electron resonance and structural symmetry. This work builds on the author’s previous theoretical volumes and seeks to redefine core concepts in chemical bonding and molecular structure.

Abstract
This paper introduces a conceptual 4-dimensional space time model that departs fundamentally from Einstein’s relativity. Unlike observer dependent systems, this framework emphasizes true simultaneity, distinguishing objective reality from perceived events. It defines a 4D orthogonal vector coordinate system, combining 3D Cartesian space with a fourth dimension of virtual time surfaces, which represent instantaneous temporal slices across space. These time surfaces are curved within an otherwise flat 3D space, forming a dynamic, evolving “present” enclosed at the boundary of the space time system. Time is modeled as an independent scalar magnitude, making it fully orthogonal to spatial dimensions and immune to external influences like gravity. This redefines the role of time as a pure sequence of events, without the curvature or distortion proposed in general relativity. By projecting 3D space onto this new virtual topology, the model offers a unique geometric view of space time. It challenges conventional gravitational space time interactions and repositions time as an unlinked, autonomous coordinate within a unified but orthogonal framework.

Abstract
In this paper, we explore the resolution of the twin paradox through the lens of Muhammad Aslam Musakhail's closed fluid dynamic principle, which offers a novel interpretation based on the pre-Einsteinian concept of aether theory. Building on this principle, we develop a mathematical framework that defines the aether force as the difference between relativistic total mass and rest mass, which vanishes for stationary objects. This framework provides a fresh perspective on relativistic dynamics. We apply this theory to the twin paradox, a cornerstone of special relativity, demonstrating that the discrepancy in the twins' clocks arises due to the acceleration experienced by the traveling twin. Importantly, we hypothesize that the clock adjustment for the traveling twin begins not with the onset of acceleration but at the moment of trajectory reversal-when the twin transitions from outbound to inbound motion. This reinterpretation resolves the paradox within the context of the aether dynamic principle. Furthermore, we extend the framework to explore its implications for Solar flares, as detailed in our previous work, On the Aether Dynamics, Twin Paradox, and Ultimate Relativity of Solar Flares. A rigorous derivation of the aether force is presented, transforming it from a conjecture into a mathematically grounded concept. This derivation not only strengthens the theoretical foundation of the aether dynamic principle but also provides a unified approach to relativistic phenomena.

Abstract
This study investigates the dynamics of Solar flares using the "closed fluid dynamic principle" proposed by Muhammad Aslam Musakhail, which reinforces the pre-Einsteinian aether theory. By defining the "aether force" as the difference between relativistic total mass and rest mass, the principle provides a novel perspective on the relativistic transitions in Solar flare phenomena. The analysis builds on Parker's force-free model and Melrose’s resistive slab theory, extending them to describe the dual-phase dynamics of Solar flares: the Alfvénic phase, where massive fermions (v

Abstract
In our previous work, Theory of Everything, we addressed the longstanding twin paradox of special relativity by introducing the concept of Aether force dynamics, F(v). This was achieved through the recognition that Aether force is cumulative, encompassing the sum of all force increments required to accelerate a massive body to velocity v. Similarly, the time dilation experienced by twin 2, the moving twin, is a cumulative effect, involving all time dilation increments accrued during their journey. This contrasts with the Lorentz contraction and mass dependence, which are instantaneous effects. Our approach successfully unified special and general relativity, extending the latter's focus on gravitational accelerations to incorporate any form of acceleration, thus leading to what we term the Ultimate Theory of Relativity. We have also applied this framework to describe dynamic processes in solar flares, drawing an analogy to the cinema problem, which involves maximizing the angle subtended by an observer to a screen. As in the twin paradox, the analysis necessitates the consideration of potential infinities, achieved by dividing finite quantities by zero or zero by zero. Remarkably, this led to a simultaneous application of Ultimate Relativity to both the cinema problem and solar flare dynamics, revealing that acceleration approaching infinity, a=1, is central to understanding these phenomena.

Abstract
This paper investigates fundamental questions about life by exploring the interplay between quantum mechanics, atomic forces, and consciousness. We address key issues such as: What distinguishes life from inanimate matter? How do atomic forces, influenced by quantum mechanics, contribute to the stability and behavior of living systems? What role does quantum gravity play in holding atoms together, and how does it relate to movement and consciousness? By conducting theoretical analysis and thought experiments, this research aims to clarify how these principles interact to shape our understanding of life. Through this exploration, we seek to provide a cohesive framework that integrates insights from quantum mechanics and consciousness, offering a novel perspective on the architecture of life and its place in the universe.

Abstract
Fusion energy, a promising solution to global energy challenges, replicates the same processes that give our sun its energy, notably through deuterium-tritium (D-T) fusion reactions that produce significant energy. This study explores the mechanics and challenges of various fusion reactions, emphasizing the pivotal role of lithium breeder blankets in producing tritium, essential for sustaining D-T fusion in tokamak reactors. The helium-cooled lithium lead (LiPb) blanket design was simulated to optimize tritium breeding and neutron flux management. Results indicated a tritium breeding ratio (TBR) of 1.15, surpassing the self-sufficiency target of 1.1, with further improvements through increased lithium content and blanket thickness. Effective neutron shielding ensured safe operational limits for reactor components. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of achieving self-sustaining fusion reactions, essential for the viability of fusion power as a sustainable energy source. Future research will focus on advanced materials, refined simulations, and enhanced cooling technologies to further optimize fusion reactor designs.

Abstract
Our Theory of Everything is made possible by the discovery of a closed fluid dynamic principle, working in a closed fluid space-time system, (the universe). Through the principle of fluid space-time, almost all of the unexplained mysteries of the universe are revealed. How the universe came into being, with matter and the most basic force, Gravity. Newton’s law of gravity in particular, the inverse square law with distance. (the reason is for appearance of the inverse square law, simultaneously in gravitation and electromagnetism, not a coincidence). Special Relativity is an account of how space contracts, time dilates and mass increases, with velocity. General Relativity is an account of how space-time curves. According to Muhammad’s closed fluid dynamic principle, space actually consists of an extremely fluid substance which we call aether. It is therefore fitting that through the closed fluid dynamic principle, we can arrive at an explanation for one major thorn in the side of Special Relativity, the twin paradox. The problem is, it is the twin who accelerates that gets it wrong. Because his assessment of the age of his brother was done without consideration of the fact that when he turned around, made the return journey, he felt his acceleration but did not employ this in Einstein’s time dilation, which was based on inertial reference frames. The task we are confronted with in this paper is to find out how the time dilation addressed in special relativity comes into proceedings in an accelerated frame. We achieve this.

Abstract
In this 3rd paper of a triptych on quantum theory regarding gravity, quantum, and classical physics are merged seamlessly-however with conclusions deviating from classical physics regarding singularities, space-curvature, and graviton. Mathematically, singularities (Schwarzschild, Droste) vanish by proper definition of the gravity source and field descriptions acquiring full validity at the Planck scale. Space(-time) curvature is shown to be geodesic-trajectory curvature by (energy) objects in the field of (a) gravity source(s). The gravity field is found to be a scalar field in which the trajectories are defined only by the principle of least action (LaGrange, Feynman) by compensation of accelerations due to different physical causal sources of acceleration. The graviton is argued to be a massive Higgs-type scalar boson with ubiquitous presence since the creation of quantum and clustered mass in the universe: the influence of a settled gravity field on mass (in) entering this field, therefore, is instantaneous, i.e., unlike a vector boson description. Gravity waves, occurring in mergers/transitions of mass, are defined by changes in time of the gravity field  (at max. c m/s) in space and only become observable when substantial mass/energy is involved due to the weakness and spatial decay of gravity fields. All mathematics (e.g. integral transformations, vector space, etc) and related operators in the paper are part of the Abelian group for validity at the Planck scale. Results thus constitute the description of gravity on all scales.‎‎

Abstract
The theory of quantum mechanics and the theory of general relativity are both important with respect to the initial conditions of the universe and its evolution. In this paper, we consider the question of how these theories might interrelate through a simple and didactic cosmological alternative model based on the Hubble time, Planck mass flow rate, and a variable coefficient αH. In doing so, we derive the parameters obtained by the Planck 2018 results using the Planck mass flow rate and Hubble time. By introducing a double universe theory (matter and antimatter universes arising from an initial instanton (i.e., half Planck mass) state, we sketch out a general framework for unifying, in the cosmology, general relativity with quantum field theory.‎‎

Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been a rapid increase in rocket launches. 2022 was a record-breaking year for the ‎aerospace industry, with 180 successful rocket launches into orbit, 44 more than the previous year. Reducing as ‎many risks as possible is essential as interplanetary rocket launches and reusable booster landings become more ‎frequent. One such risk occurs when a rocket/booster lands. During the landing process, the retrorockets spray debris ‎from the loose ground, which may damage the rocket/landing module. Retrorockets are rocket engines that provide ‎a thrust opposing the spacecraft’s motion, causing it to decelerate. This paper studies the effect of landing leg height ‎on ejecta velocity, the volume of debris ejected, and ground surface temperature change.  Four landing leg heights ‎were tested with an Estes® E-16 consumer model rocket motor: 0 mm, 50 mm, 75 mm, and 100 mm. The ‎experiment suggests that the optimal height above the ground’s surface for a simulated landing module based on ‎the volume and velocity of the ejecta is 50 mm. Landing legs that elevate a model rocket this height create an ‎average crater volume of 610.5 mL and a max crater diameter of 10.34 cm. After determining the optimal height, a ‎landing leg system was developed. This system was attached to an Aerodactyl TS® model rocket and utilized ‎landing legs that elevated the rocket to a height of 50 mm above the ground at landing.‎‎