Published Articles Archive

Abstract
With the changes made in the management of nomadic rangelands, it is accompanied by the interference of the government and nomads to prepare a new migration calendar. With considering the limitations in the government system, the issue of feasibility of reassigning this responsibility to the nomads and providing the ground for their role-playing in rangeland management has been proposed as one of the ways to leave the inappropriate and inefficient situation of the current management system. Therefore, the Nomadic Affairs Organization, the Forests, Rangelands and Watershed Organization, Research Institute of Forests and Range lands of Iran; considered to interfere to this issue as a logical item based on the research findings. After several meetings, the summer rangelands of Dahaneh Sangheh, Dahaneh Chehel Bareh, Kamar dasht Vasat and Marghsar Lar in Tehran province were selected as a pilot to assess the impact of nomadic management and organization support on vegetation changes in this area. The evaluated indicators were range lands capacity, range lands condition, trend and utilization percentage in two stages before entering and after the leaving the nomads from the range lands. For this purpose, representatives of the nomad were introduced. The study began in 2016 for 4 years. The results of analysis of variance showed significant effect of the year on the percentage of vegetation after grazing and production residue. Besides, the comparison of the average data showed that most of the indicators made changes leading to improve vegetation conditions. The main reason for their success was related to the family management system and the presence of environmental and natural resources protection officers in the region. To sum up, it seems that this model can be generalized in rangeland management in other similar areas provided that the relevant organizations cooperate with the nomadic representatives.

Abstract
The aims of the study were to examine the relationship between disorders (syndrome) premenstrual depression in married women and unmarried. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among married and single women. Participants included 200 married and single women, The data collection tools included demographic information questionnaire, daily symptom severity questionnaire, and a provisional diagnosis of premenstrual syndrome questionnaire and beck depression scale. The data analyzed by independent t test, Pearson correlation coefficients in SPSS. Twenty hundreds of the subjects (women and girls) met the criteria for PMD but the impairment of girls was severe. The symptom intensity and frequency of the subjects (women and girls) were different for PMDD. In these two groups, Psychiatric problems, including depression and anxiety, were high. In total, almost all of adolescents reported suffering from distressing premenstrual symptoms, and girls were severe in their symptom severity and characteristics in comparison with married women.

Abstract
The present research paper is to become aware of the sources and causes of unnecessary impressions (samskaras) which reduce the capacity of mind, and Yogic practices to eliminate that load resulting into clear, efficient, elucidated mind according to Patanjali Yoga Sutras. The research also attempts to correlate the techniques to the specific causes and gain insights into the effects of those techniques on the mind and thereby discovering ways and means to lead a peaceful life. A fundamental study of Patanjali Yoga Sutras was done for this research work. Contemplative research has found that if one applies any of given technique to his life, he can achieve tranquility of mind and thus elucidate the mind also.

Abstract
The aim of this research work is the effect of perceptual-motor activities training on adaptive behavior of autistic children. This semi-experimental research and pre-test-post-test considered by using of control group. The study sample are all autistic children in Mashhad. This semi-experimental and pretest-posttest control group considered. In this study, purposive sampling method is used. This means that of all children with autism, 30 children were selected and randomly divided into two experiment groups (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. Moreover the children conditions were assessed using a Weiland adaptive behavior questionnaire and before the implementation of the program no difference between the groups was confirmed. Then the students in the experimental group participated in the perceptual - motor activities training sessions during 12 sessions of 45 minute. Furthermore post-test was performed and the results were assessed using SPSS software and analysis of covariance and two independent samples were analyzed by using of T test. The results showed that, perceptual-motor activities training has a positive effect on the adjustment of autistic children.

Abstract
The research was to examine marital conflicts and Emotional Divorce based on the Character Strengths among Iranian spouses. For this reason 400 married women were selected by convenient sampling in Tehran as capital of Iran. Consequently three questionnaires, strengths of character, emotional divorce and marital conflict were used. The findings of structural equation modeling showed the measurement model of character strength is fitted and also have a proper reliability and convergent validity. The composite reliability of the scale was more than 70. In addition the character strength in terms of spirituality, acknowledgements, honesty, personalized control, kindness, loyalty and love predicts 33 percent of emotional divorce variance and 58 percent of marital conflict variance. Lastly the structural model of relation between variables had good fit. Therefore, it can be concluded that character strengths have influence on couple’s relationships. Thus the improving of character strengths can be reduced emotionally divorce and marital conflict in couples.

Abstract
The school environment, which includes the classroom, school location, school facility, school climate and technology, etc, is
a variable that affects students’ academic performance. Hence the school environment remains an important area that should
be studied and well managed to enhance students’ academic performance. The extent to which students’ learning could be
enhanced depends on their location within the school compound, the structure of their classroom, availability of instructional
facilities and accessories. It is believed that a well planned school will gear up expected outcome of education that will
facilitate good social, political and economic emancipation, effective teaching learning process and academic performance of
the students.

Abstract
The resurgence of voting pattern along ethnic identities during the 2015 presidential election never took an average Nigerian
by surprise. The nature of Nigerian politics has always been premised on primordial factors that keep defining who gets what,
how and when. The paper examines the ethnic colouration in the voting pattern of Nigerians during the election. The paper
employs primordial theory of ethnicity to explain the strength of ethnicity in voting behaviour. The paper exploits qualitative
and quantitative components comprising questionnaire and content analysis of two dailies and review of literature as
secondary data. A sample size of one hundred respondents in Ibadan, Oyo State was analyzed on the considerations such as
ethnic identities: language, religion, region, and custom among those that participated during campaign, those that voted and
those that served as INEC officials. The findings showed that 86.4% of the respondents with Hausa ethnic identity and 72%
of the respondents with Igbo background agreed that some variables such as ethnicity and religion were strong factors that
influenced their voting behaviour in the election.

Abstract
This study examines the influence of parental style and attachment style on the attitude towards divorce among students of
Felix Houphouët-Boigny University of Cocody-Abidjan. It is based on a general hypothesis which assumes that these two
styles significantly influence among these students, their attitude toward divorce. To test this hypothesis, we adopted a
quantitative approach. The sampling technique used is the factorial design that allowed forming a final sample of 100
students. These were subjected to a questionnaire research. The counting and processing of data obtained were performed
using the statistical test Chi-square. The results indicate that parenting and attachment style have, each in regard to a direct
positive effect on the attitude towards divorce among subjects in the study.

Abstract
This research intended to determine the quality of grounds for using computer, degree of effectiveness, and obstacles to using
it in the learning process, according to teachers’ viewpoint. The statistical population consisted of all teachers of public
schools in the third district of Tehran, Iran. Participants were 90 teachers, selected by cluster multistage random sampling.
Data was collected by a self-created questionnaire and analyzed by one sample t-test, independent t-test, Anova, Tukey and
Pearson correlation. The results indicated that there are no proper grounds for utilizing computers in Tehran schools.
However, they believe that the effectiveness of using computer in teaching the subjects is high. And also tests showed that
more experienced teachers face more obvious obstacles to using computers for teaching than the less experienced. Finally,
Pearson test revealed that teachers believe there is a strong correlation between the proper use of computers in schools and its
associated learning outcome.

Abstract
The present study Review the effectiveness of cognitive and metacognitive strategies and SQ4R Methods in reducing test
anxiety, increase self-efficacy and academic achievement in high school students Rodhen city in Iran. The sample consisted
of the population of 48 student's randomly selected sampling method and the way randomly in four groups of three
experimental groups and one control group were. The measure was used: test Anxiety Inventory STAI-Y and self-efficacy
Schwartz Scale. For analyzing the data, multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA) were used. The results showed that
Cognitive strategies and metacognitive strategies and their combination had a significant effect on students' test anxiety and
Self-efficacy scores before and after training. Cognitive strategies, the SQ4R method approaches and their combination had a
significant effect on students' test anxiety and Self-efficacy scores. According to the findings, it seems that the SQ4R method
employed in academic achievement and reduces anxiety has been effective.

Abstract
Infant mortality rates of the most important indicators of the health of any society which is influenced by several factors. Low
birth weight is a major cause of mortality in infants. The present study aimed at examining the biological characteristics,
cognitive and environmental underweight infants’ mothers and mother’s infants with optimal weight. The sample was 400
babies born in Isfahan hospitals in Iran. Sampling stratified according to the population in each of hospitals the was
conducted. In order to gather information on the properties of biological and environmental parental questionnaire for the
first time by Afrooz framed (AMSS). Results showed that the two groups of variables mother education, mother employment
status, blood pressure, birth rank with low weight in birth time there is a significant relationship (p< 0.5) Education to
increase their awareness on the one hand and on the other hand directly on his health, behavior, pregnancy and family's
overall situation, mother employment status that affects a significant effect on birth weight.

Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of behavior management training on attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children, marital satisfaction and mother’s self-efficacy. This study of the semi experimental used for the present paper type pretest, posttest, control group, the study population included all mothers of children 3 to 12 years with ADHD Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity the selection of targeted sample. The criteria for the study included 60 mothers who were selected after satisfaction questionnaire invited to participate during the training and implementation of a members were divided randomly into two groups of 30 control and examination. In this study, the question demographic characteristics of subjects, the scale of SNAP, Parenting scale (PSAM), satisfaction scale. Results showed parent management, reducing the symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children. Marital satisfaction change of parity, include three components: problem solving, parenting, good reflection and self-effective parents. Intervention improve the quality of mother’s self-efficacy.

Abstract
The internalizing nature of anxiety disorders make them been under recognized by parents and teachers and so become under attended by school counsellors and subsequently under referred to clinicians. Their wide-spectrum educational side effects include low level of academic achievement and failure in social interactions. Application of CBT, the most common non-medical treatment of anxiety in some studies, has not been enough efficient for middle childhood age. In addition, the time and economic burden of long term CBT for Anxiety Disorders is not acceptable for a lot of parents with middle or low socio economic status and also some school administrators. This study aimed to design a short term program of art and cognitive behaviour therapy for anxiety disorders in educational settings. This six-session-program is based on psycho-developmental demands of students. Time and financial issues of this eclectic therapy can be modified based on school and family facilities.

Abstract
This study was to investigated the efficacy of the family base-integrative program designing of cognitive behavioral and motor therapy on clinical symptoms and executive functions in elementary school children with (ADHD). Thereafter 44 children (22 experimental group, 22 control group) were selected through purposive sampling method and parents of experimental group underwent 40 sessions of integrative therapy. CANTAB and IVA tests were administered as the pre-test and post-test for the children in experimental and control groups. The results which were supported by MANCOVA revealed that applying the family base-integrative therapy was effective in the reduction of the symptoms of hyperactivity and attention deficit (of clinical symptoms) and improve of the shifting and flexibility of attention, spatial span, spatial working memory and spatial planning (of executive functions), but there was not effective impulsiveness of clinical symptoms and motor control and planning of executive functions. This study confirmed that the family-centered integrative program of cognitive behavioral and motor therapy has a positive effect on clinical symptoms and executive functions in children with ADHD.

Abstract
Childbirth is one of the factors which can be effective in sexual disorders. Therefore a study was conducted aiming to compare the sexual disorders in female after the childbirth with the period before pregnancy. In a descriptive-analytic study, 100 female that experience of childbirth recently were examined. Results showed that 58% of woman have experienced at least one of the sexual disorders (even a slight one and for a limited period of time) before pregnancy, and 60% have experienced such disorders after the childbirth. This study showed that sexual disorders of women increase during the period before the pregnancy compared to the period after their childbirth. Therefore, it is suggested to educate and instruct couples sexual issues in all the after-marriage phases, especially during the period after the childbirth.

Abstract
In various studies a correlation relationship has been seen between emotional intelligence and psychological well-being. However, no relationship has been seen between dogmatism and psychological well-being as per the studies of researcher in past works and due to the importance of the effect of this variable on psychological well-being of students the study of it has attracted the attention of the researcher and hence, the aim of the present study is to explore the relationship between 347 of the female students in last years of secondary school have been selected with the help of multistage sampling method and have completed Rey's dogmatism scale (1970), Goleman's emotional intelligence scale (1995) Ryff's psychological well-being scale (1989). The results indicate that there is a negative and significant relationship between dogmatism and psychological well-being of students and also there is a positive and significant relationship between emotional intelligence and psychological well-being of students .

Abstract
Identity is a component of personality that can help people to use proper coping strategies through crisis circumstances. The purpose of present study was to predict anxiety and depression prevalence according to identity statuses among public library’s employees of Golestan Province. This descriptive and correlational study was performed in 96 public library’s employees in Golestan Province during 2014.Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status(OMEIS) and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale(DASS) were used as measurement instruments. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software, Multivariate Regression by stepwise method and Pierson correlation. Study on identity statuses and anxiety showed elevated anxiety scores for those in the foreclosure and diffusion identity statuses and elevated depression scores among those in the moratorium and diffusion Identity statuses. Findings indicate that prevalence of depression are predictable according to moratorium and diffusion identity statuses and anxiety prevalence are predictable according to foreclosure and diffusion identity statuses.

Abstract
This paper investigates the roles of regulatory focus and authenticity in the emotional responses to frustration of relational and independent self-aspects in Turkey, where both relational and independent self-aspects are becoming equally important among the educated-urbanized population. The suggested model that proposes authenticity mediates the relationship between promotion focus and emotional responses to independent self-frustration, and between prevention focus and emotional responses to relational self-frustration is tested on self-reported data collected from university students (N = 317). The results showed that promotion focus predicted directly emotional responses to frustration of independent self-aspect, while prevention focus directly predicted emotional responses to frustration of relational self-aspect. Surprisingly, authenticity was found to mediate the relationship between promotion focus and emotional responses to frustration of relational self-aspect. These results suggest that relational goals such as safeguarding the interests of significant others may be regulated not only by prevention strategies, but also by such promotion strategies, through perceived authenticity.

Abstract
The research was based on experimental method and pre-test and post-test with control group has been used. So, among
female students with related parameters to participate in the research just 50 ones were choice. Three practice sessions per
week for 20 were determined for each three groups. Both experimental and control groups participated in neurofeedback
learning sessions (promoting the Alpha wave, Alpha-Theta protocol) in addition to school practices. However, experimental
group received real feedbacks and also similar implementation process for simulated neurofeedback group, there is no
relationship between these feedbacks and neuro-activities. Standard school rules used to estimate the students record.
Additionally, their changes studied and compared in these two stages. Compared to other groups, increasing the mean of
records in real neurofeedback group significantly presented as the result of analysis the unilateral covariance (p

Abstract
Since marital satisfaction is an important factor to have a life in peace. Thus, to study the state of couple's satisfaction, is so necessary. In this research, a survey containing of 20 both blind couples, 20 both sighted couples, 20 couples with blind man and sighted woman and 10 couples with blind woman and sighted man according to educational level, duration of common life and the economic situation under the purposive sampling is selected from all the blind and sighted couples of Tehran city. After collecting the data, it was studied by one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and independent (t) test. According to the result of the total average of couples, it does not have any big difference with 95%. Only in 3 subsets of common life, personal behaviours plus communicational and social behaviours, couples with man or woman blind is higher than couples who are both blind or able to see. The same situation of marital satisfaction represented probably the state of blindness is not the main cause of couple's satisfaction.