Published Articles Archive

Abstract
The present study is aimed at measuring the concentration of primordial radionuclides in the soil samples of Eloor Island, an industrial area in Ernakulum District and evaluating the radiation exposure to the local population. The ambient radiation exposure rate was measured using potable scintillometer survey meter and the activity concentration of 232Th, 238U and 40K in the soil samples were analyzed using (5×4)” NaI(Tl) gamma spectrometer. The exposure rate measured using survey meter varied from 63 nGyh-1 to 374 nGyh-1. The activity concentration of 232Th, 238U and 40K in soil samples ranged from 44.8 Bq kg-1 to 792.8 Bqkg-1 for 232Th, 8 Bqkg-1 to 445.5 Bqkg-1 for 238U and 129 Bqkg-1 to 1160.5 Bqkg-1 for 40K. Hence the absorbed gamma dose and radiation hazard indices due to natural environmental radiation was done. The study showed no significant impact due to the NORM Industries in the Eloor Industrial region.

Abstract
Due to the poor resolution of (76 mm×76 mm) NaI scintillation detector, ~7.5% for 137Cs peak (661.5 keV), a mutual spectral interferences of environmental samples between 137Cs and 214Bi (609 keV) in the decay series of uranium peaks, is a serious problem. This overlapped problem appears in low level sample spectrum causes overestimation of the specific activity of both nuclides. The main purpose of this work is to resolve this problem and to present a methodology to correct the activity concentrations of 137Cs by NaI(Tl) spectroscopy. In Duhok governorate of Iraq, as a real NORM case, the accumulation of 137Cs is significant brought by west-north wind and precipitation in the years following nuclear weapons testing and Chernobyl accident in 1986. The developed correlations for any ratio of the measured areas of 214Bi and 137Cs overcome the overestimation and show very good results. The method is approved by comparing the relative error of the measured and corrected activity of Bi with that measured Pb. The maximum, minimum and average relative errors decreased from 40%, 7.3% and 19.4% to 6.1%, -6.5% and 0.6% respectively.

Abstract
Knowledge on the distribution of these radionuclides in soil is of great important for radiation protection and measurement. A systematic radiological survey has been carried out in the region of HBRAs in Kollam district of Kerala and Manavalakurichi in Tamilnadu in India to compare the natural gamma-radiation levels. 180 soil samples collected and were analysed for 238U, 232Th and 40K by NaI(Tl) gamma ray spectrometry. Heterogeneous distribution of radionuclides in the region may be attributed to the deposition phenomenon of soil in the region. The result of gamma dose rate measured at the sampling sites using survey meter showed an excellent correlation with dose rates computed from the natural radionuclides estimated from the soil samples. From these radioactivity levels, the radium equivalent activity and the external hazard index which resulted from the natural radionuclides in sediments are also tabulated for the analysed samples and compared with internationally recommended values.

Abstract
A Radiation Magnetic Force (FmR ) frequency controlled formula is derived, signifying the embaddement of magnetic force in Electromagnetic Radiation (EM-R) similar in nature to Radiation Magnetic Energy (EmR) or Planck’ formula (hf); both formulas derived and identified the Excited Force (FEF) and Energy (EEX) , the Interatomic Resistance Force (FIR ) and Energy (EEX), (or the work function), the Photoelectric Effect Force (FP) and Energy (EP); this identifications is the realization of forces and energies bestowed in EM-wave expressed by (FmR) and (EmR) ; the derived Orbital Magnetic Force (Fom) and established the interatomic forces and energies for different atoms; both formulas produced various interatomic parameters, an example of potassium atom is given, also the related spectral line for each of the 19th electrons, regulated by formulas deriving each stage; the paper helped in reestablishing the wave nature of EM-R, which could forged the way for a better understanding to the microscopic-world.

Abstract
A comprehensive study of the elliptic flow of hadrons for non central Au+Au collision with the impact parameter of b =5-9 fm in the mid rapidity region of (-1 ≤ ycm ≤1) with the reaction plane angle Ψ in the mid-pseudorapidity of |ɳ| < 0.35 is investigated in the FAIR energy regime of 25 A Gev by the AMPT model with both the default and the string melting scenarios. In both the versions of AMPT model, we have observed that at low PT regions upto PT ≈ 1.0 GeV/c, elliptic flow shows an almost linear increase with the increase in the transverse momentum . Also there is a clear mass ordering effect that is particles with higher mass shows a smaller at a given PT than the particles with lower mass. In addition the constituent quark number scaling of elliptic flow has been investigated where we have observed a universal scaling in the string melting version of the AMPT model i.e with the partonic degrees of freedom due to quark coalescence model compared with the default version of the AMPT model. Further the scaling behavior has been observed for the transverse kinetic energy with both scenarios.

Abstract
We analyze ray path in the Sagnac and Michelson-Gale experimental setups and in the Michelson interferometer. Work of rotating interferometers is proved to be in full agreement with the concept of static ether. A theory of Michelson-interferometer work in vacuum and in a gas is developed. Three second-order small factors pointed out in papers by Demjanov and Shamir-Fox are taken into account. The new results are considerably different from conclusions of the mentioned papers. An absolute laboratory velocity of 10 km/s found by Miller is reevaluated to become 236 km/s according to the new formulas. A new theory of the Michelson interferometer fully agrees with the concept of the static ether. It is predicted that in the well-known OPERA experiment, the diurnal plot of the neutrino velocity should have one maximum and one minimum separated by a time interval of 12 hours.

Abstract
Current theory has it that as light passes from one medium to another, that it is the change in velocity that ‘causes’ the light to be refracted entering the new medium at a different angle, also known as the Huygens principle. Evidence however proves this to be in error, since light’s velocity (by common knowledge) changes in the normal as well as by refraction, nor will it refract in the normal.  A change in density affects velocity, and only velocity. While a change in direction is accomplished by angular deviation, by the angle of incidence at which each separate wavelength strikes the surface out of the normal.

Abstract
In this paper the existence of positive solutions for a class of  p-Laplacian boundary value system is studied.  In recent years, boundary value problem have received a lot of attention. The fixed point theorems in cones  is our main tools to prove the existence of solutions. I provide sufficient conditions under which these systems has positive solutions. I establish some propositions to prove the existence of positive solutions for these equation.

Abstract
The problem of motion of a planet or an asteroid in the gravity field of the Sun is considered with allowance for translational motion of the Solar System through the static ether. An algorithm for calculating the perihelion motion during the single orbit is found. The orbit of a planet within the framework of the classical mechanics is motionless. However, slow precession of classical planetary orbits is found in observational astronomy. The new algorithm takes into account not only the orbit geometry, but also its spatial orientation. Based on the observational data for perihelion drifts of Mercury, Earth, and Mars, the value and direction of the absolute velocity of the Sun are determined. These results are in agreement with the experimental data by Miller. Strong anomaly for the motion of the asteroid Aten is predicted. Modern techniques of practical astronomy make it possible to verify this forecast.

Abstract
3C-Silicon carbide (SiC) metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors are fabricated to study the 3C-SiC/SiO2 interface using standard hi-low capacitance-voltage (C-V) and conductance-voltage (G-V) methods. Devices are fabricated on an n-type 3C-SiC epilayer grown on a (100) oriented silicon (Si) substrate. Dry oxidation is done at different temperatures (1200oC - 1400oC) to grow the oxide layer. The 1300oC as-oxidized device gives the lowest Dit of 5.8x1011eV-1cm-2 at 0.25eV away from the conduction band (CB) edge. SIMS and AFM analyses of the devices have shown that there is no detrimental effect of high temperature oxidation on the oxide stoichiometry and surface roughness.

Abstract
Here arise the problems of modern physics that theories at the quantum scales have been discontinued. Therefore we should pass through the quantum scales and review phenomena at the sub quantum levels. The question is where to enter the sub quantum levels? Answer is; open a new window for massive photons. The reason this answer is that although there are theoretical reasons to accept that the photon is a massless particle. The massless particle is an assumption, also a long series of very different experiments lead to the current experimental upper bound on the photon mass greater than zero. In this article, we analyzed that c is the edge of visible and invisible particles such as virtual photons and graviton. It leads us passing the real spacetime and enter into the virtual spacetime and describe interactions between real spacetime and virtual spacetime and reach to non-obvious space.

Abstract
The purpose of this brief extension is reporting the exact results, by introduction a correlation factor, for the dissipative system which consisting of a particle in one-dimension coupled to a sum of an infinite number of harmonic oscillators.

Abstract
The mechanism of the femtosecond spin dynamics is still not properly understood. The remodeled Bloch-Schrödinger equation was incorporated into the Hamiltonian. The mechanism of the femtosecond dynamics was investigated under three quantum states. The spin relaxation mechanism operated in a single continuous time scale (>70ps) which was in variance with known postulate. The transient reflectivity was measured to be within an angular range of 18.6o to 90.0o at a pulse range of 1MHz to 6.5 MHz.  Beyond the pulse intensity of -2.5, the system elapsed into a quasi-equilibrium state which explains the independence of the magnetic moment on the pulse intensity. Different possibilities of the femtosecond spin dynamics were worked out for future study.

Abstract
In this paper, we present the features of the equatorial F-region current systems over equatorial Africa during nighttime on 05thAugust, 2001 observed at midnight. The observations have inferred from in situ CHAMP satellite measurements of the vector magnetic field. The magnitudes of the current along all the three magnetic field components of the Earth’s magnetic field varied considerably. The Bx-component recorded a diamagnetic effect of about 8nT, By-component recorded a current density of 5mA/m, and Bz-component reached a value of 3mA/m. The F-region dynamo, gravity dynamo and plasma-pressure gradients are the possible mechanisms for the occurrence of these currents. The signatures confined to the equatorial region bounded by the Appleton anomaly.

Abstract
In this paper, an experimental investigation into titanium (Ti) / aluminium (Al)-based ohmic contacts to p-type 4H-silicon carbide (SiC) has been presented. Electrical characterisation of the fabricated contacts showed that metal structures with an initial Ti layer yielded the lowest specific contact resistance (ρc), with a mean value of 3.7×10-5 Ω-cm2 being achieved after annealing in argon (Ar) at 1000°C for 2 minutes. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis illustrated the epitaxial relationship between the 4H-SiC and the as-deposited Ti layer, and, in conjunction with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, showed that after annealing a ~5 nm thick layer of Ti3SiC2 was present, epitaxially arranged with the 4H-SiC. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the presence of the Ti3SiC2 metallic phase was more prevalent in the samples with Ti as the initial metal layer annealed at 1000°C, which corresponded with lower specific contact resistance. Fitting of experimental data to a thermionic field emission (TFE) model allowed the Schottky barrier height to be extracted; it was found that the lowest Schottky barrier heights were more prevalent where the most intense Ti3SiC2 phases were observed during XRD analysis.

Abstract
The oscillations in interlayer exchange coupling between ferromagnetic layers which are Separated by a nonmagnetic spacer layer, manifests n oscillatory magnetic properties which depend on the thickness of Copper interlayer. Using Molecular Beam Epitaxy system. We have made multilayer films with alternating cobalt and copper thin films. The preliminary results are reported on microstructure and magnetization properties. The conductance between first and third film depends on the relative orientation of magnetization between them. This optimizes to large magneto resistance changes called Giant Magneto-resistance effect.

Abstract
The main goal of this paper is calculation of deposited energy and as a result evaluation of stopping range of the ionic beams of carbon, deuteron and proton. The deposited energy is the function of two parameters: (a) beam energy and (b) electron temperature. Also the stopping range depends on the temperature, ionic beam energy and density of fuel pellet. Our calculations show that with decreasing the stopping range of particle, the deposited energy is enhanced. In the same temperature and fuel density, carbon has less stopping range and more deposited energy but higher energy is needed to accelerate the beam , this causes carbon has less energy than others. However, deuteron has more stopping range and deposited energy in comparison with carbon also it has better beam gain in comparison with carbon. Stopping range and proton beam gain respect to the other fuels is placed in lower level , but the low threshold intensity to accelerate it, cause it obtain the high gain. The optimum beam gain of the proton is 150 while it is 75 for deuteron and 1 for carbon. The fuel geometry must be considered for more studies in order to increase the beam gain.

Abstract
This paper suggested a mechanism for Electromagnetic Radiation (EM-R); the mechanism is based on the Flip-Flop (F-F) of combined Circular Magnetic Field (CMF) and Electric Field (EF) produced by energetic charged particles, the action released the EM-R; while as the F-F generates EM-R, it is also achieved within specific Flipping Time (tF), the inverse of which is the Flipping Frequency (fF), the model is compared with Maxwell’s two transformations to elaborate differences and characteristics, hence when EM-R is better understood, that will reflect on the physical world and related human ideas and philosophies.

Abstract
Loschmidt's number has played an important role in the development of science and technology and in the establishment of various standards. However, despite advances in the technological methods of estimating Loschmidt's number, the nature of its formation remains unknown. The information that lies in the nature of this constant can be useful for understanding the properties of a physical vacuum and the character of processes of the interaction of matter in this environment. Basing on time and experiment-tested the laws of molecular physics and thermodynamics, some features of the host medium of micro-particles involved in the formation of Loschmidt’s number were identified, describing its nature and the previously unknown phenomena of fundamental pressure of a Universe. The characteristics of various physical and chemical processes occurring in systems associated with a vacuum and the behavior of heavenly bodies are considered from the perspective of this phenomenon’s existence.

Abstract
This paper present a studies of magnetic multilayer structure and a key advantage of Molecular Beam Epitaxy preparation technique, and additional epitaxial over layers to study interlayer exchange coupling and the resulting reduction of growth induced defect are discussed.