Published Articles Archive

Abstract
Schwarzschild's external solution of Einstein’s gravitational field equations in the general theory of relativity for a static star has been generalized by Vaidya [1], taking into account the radiation of the star. Here, we generalize Vaidya’s metric to a star that is rotating and radiating. Although, there is a famous Kerr solution [2] for a rotating star, but here is a simple solution for a rotating star which may be termed as a zero approximate version of the Kerr solution. Results are discussed.

Abstract
The celestial bodies like the sun, stars, etc., are the owner of higher gravitational field intensity areas and the source of various kinds of waves. Waves rush from higher gravitational field intensity areas like the sun to lower gravitational field intensity areas like the earth. This paper, finding out that the wave exchanges some force during traveling from the sun to the ground. Every wave has a frequency and each frequency of a wave has two parts, crest and trough and both together is a complete single frequency.

Abstract
Based on Dirac’s negative energy, we propose and study the negative matter. Bondi’s results are wrong. First, the negative matter can be the simplest model of unified dark matter and dark energy. Next, we discuss various possible theories of the negative matter: some field equations, similar electrodynamics, field equations with non-symmetry, etc. Third, the quantum theory of negative matter is researched. Matter surrounded by dark-negative matter corresponds to an infinitely deep potential trap in quantum mechanics and forms a base of the universal wave-particle duality and quantum mechanics. Fourth, we propose the mechanism of inflation as the origin of positive-negative matters created from nothing. Fifth, assume that dark matter is completely the negative matter, and we may calculate an evolutional ratio between total matter and usual matter from 1 of inflation and the radiation-dominated universe to 7.88 of the present matter-dominated universe. It agrees with the observed value 6.36~7. Sixth, we research the relativity of the negative matter and theory in Lobachevskian geometry. Seventh, we propose a judgment test of the negative matter as dark matter is opposite repulsive lensing and other eight possible tests. Eighty, we propose a figure on the unification of the four basic interactions in three-dimensional space, in which the “running” coupling
constants of strong and weak interactions transform each other. The negative matter as a candidate of unification of dark matter and dark energy is not only the simplest, and may explain inflation and be calculated and tested.

Abstract
This paper starts with the most basic concept of heat as well as temperature, historically investigates the understanding of the nature of heat, the conclusion is that the nature of heat is just a form of energy. This energy includes the zero-point energy providing by the motion of all subatomic particles. The new definition of temperature should be that it is the degree of matter’s motion. These matters include subatomic particles. Therefore, at the absolute zero, the “temperature” should still exist. On accounting of no subatomic particles’ motion in the singularity of the black hole, I proved that there exists a new absolute zero temperature there, which is lower than the existing one. The theory proposed in this paper can be supported by following means: measuring the temperature inside the black hole, letting electrons stop moving, and designing a Casimir vacuum pump.

Abstract
In bijective modelling, the physical reality is represented by the set X, the model of physical reality by the set Y. Every element in the set X has exactly one correspondent element in the set Y. Set X and set Y are related by the bijective function. Bijective modelling is confirming that time is the duration of given system entropy increasing in time-invariant space.

Abstract
The paper presents the experimental results on how the tube bore of copper bromide laser influence the gain radial distribution. A pair of copper bromide lasers in an oscillator- amplifier configuration was operated to measure and compare the small-signal gains of different laser tube bores. The gain radial distributions were measured in different size of amplifier tube bores. It was shown that, by changing of the amplifier tube bore, the gain radial distribution was changed, similar to that of temperature profile, but the average of radial gains through cross-section are the same in different laser tube bores.

Abstract
First, we emphasize that preconditions of entropy increase are 1) for isolated systems; 2) various internal interactions in system must be neglected; 3) they must be thermal equilibrium processes. We proposed possible entropy decrease due to fluctuation magnified and internal interactions in isolated systems, and research various possible entropy decreases in physics, which include phase transformation from disorder uniformity to order state. Next, the solidification forms spontaneously an order structure, and it may be process of entropy decrease. Third, we propose that entropy decrease exists necessarily in self-assembly as isolated system. Fourth, we discuss the molecular motor and entropy decreases in biology. Fifth, we research entropy decrease in astronomy and propose quantitatively a total formula of entropy change for universal evolution of any natural and social systems. As long as we break through the bondage of the second law of thermodynamics, the rich and complex world is full of examples of entropy decrease.

Abstract
We are familiar with wave – water wave in pond, river, sea, sound wave in the air, the light wave, the infrared wave comes from the sun to the earth. Water waves arise for the disruption in the area of water. In the air, sound waves occur for some disorder. The gravitational field is surrounded everywhere in the universe. Light waves, infrared waves, radio waves are the cause of disruption in the gravitational field. Surges of seawater bear more power than river water because of the density of sea waterheavy than river water. Light waves and others of the sun carries more force than earth because the gravitational field intensity of the sun is higher than the ground. In this paper, we will study the cause of why the nature phenomena of waves such as light disturbs in the gravitational field.

Abstract
Nickel Titanium alloys have proved to be a perfect choice for materials used for medical devices like catheters, pacemakers and stone removal mesh. However, there are some challenges related to the shape and size modifications required to suffice the applications. The alloy needs improvements particularly in the areas of porosity for bone replacement, radiopacity, super elasticity and fatigue strength. There is a wide range of applications of biocompatible Porous NiTi alloys in the areas of inter body fusion devices, synthetic bone grafting, etc. Although it cannot be denied of the possibility of high corrosion factor of Porous NiTi alloys as compared to solid NiTinol due to greater surface area in contact with the body fluids. Such cases include definite surface preparation to cater to the need for increased biocompatibility. This paper includes the synthesis of porous NiTi alloys through the sintering process along with a check of the surface treatments and its effects on the properties related to corrosion of Porous NiTinol. The Alloys were subjected to different treatments like dry heating, boiling in water and passivation. The corrosion resistance, after and before the treatments were evaluated.

Abstract
In the present paper, we attempt to explain what we really do not know or understand. For this, we assume to accept approaches that go against reason and common sense. We will try to give a view, about inaccuracy arguments state that the gravity force associated with mass, is caused by the deformation of the space adjacent to it. To move from the real world to the world of fantasy, we only needed to support the misconception of the time dilation in the fallacy of the space deformation. We will use this paper to expose some writings that contribute to masking logical reasoning.

Abstract
Casimir vacuum has many peculiar properties, e.g. the speed of light can exceed c. This paper investigated the behavior of gas molecules in Casimir vacuum. Analysis and calculation indicate that we can get a new absolute zero in Casimir vacuum. This is due to the Hamiltonian, which equals the kinetic energy of the ensemble of gas molecules that is reduced in Casimir vacuum; therefore, the gas constant R is changed. This conclusion has great significance for the research of the vacuum properties.

Abstract
The Von Neumann entropy plays a central role in the quantum information theory and is a concave function and following the property  . In this paper, we introduce a new proof for the linearity of Von Neumann entropy in the rate without using the above inequality. Here the Von Neumann entropy is concave; that is, given weights   and density matrices . Roughly speaking, we will show that in the rate case, the Von Neumann entropy is linear without using Fannes inequality.

Abstract
There are different approaches for investigating the force as well as the gravity. Newton emphasized the mathematical meaning of gravity. Einstein’s gravity is geometry. The physical exploring for the gravity is still on the way. Le Sage investigated the nature of gravity, but his theory has many defects. This paper gives out a physical chemistry approach for the nature of force, which bases on gravitons’ reaction by introducing the concepts of Gibbs free energy change and holographic screen. The change of the Gibbs free energy results in the imbalance on the two sides of the holographic screen, it is the force. The change of force as the distance depends on the distribution of gravitons. For solar system, the graviton gas distributes in center-radical pattern, so the inverse-square law is applicable. But in the galaxies, the distribution of the graviton gas is not in center-radical, therefore the acceleration is just inversely proportional to the distance (not square of distance), which is equivalent to the centripetal force. The flatness of rotation curve can be explained without dark matter.

Abstract
In this paper, the gravitational analog of Bohr’s theory for the Solar System is presented by deriving explicit expressions for the gravitational analog of Bohr’s quantum condition on angular momentum of a secondary (planet or satellite) revolving around its primary (the Sun or a planet) and Planck’s constant , in terms of known physical quantities of the System (the Solar or a Satellite System). The correspondence principle connecting atomic theory and gravitational theory is stated. It turns out that the ground state orbit of an electron in an atom corresponds to the Roche limit of the primary (defined in the text) in the gravitational case. The gravitational Planck’s constant  when taken into atomic scale via the Correspondence principle gives an expression for the Planck’s constant of the atomic scale. It has shown here that a one-to-one correspondence exists between the Planetary Distance Law and the Electron Orbital Distance Law.

Abstract
In this work, a copper bromide laser with an active medium length of 58 cm and an inner diameter of 20 mm designed and constructed. He and Ne used as buffer gases. The effect of reservoir temperature, He and Ne buffer gas pressure, frequency and electrical input power on the output power investigated. The result of experiments shows that an optimum laser efficiency obtained at the electrical input power of 2.1kW and corresponding operational temperature of 510 oC. The maximum output powers, 4 and 6 W, with use of He and Ne buffer gases, were determined at pressures 11 and 24 torr, respectively.

Abstract
Investigating the elementary process of diffusion yielded the universal expression of diffusivity relevant to the angular
momentum of each microparticle in a material. Using the diffusivity obtained then for the diffusion equation, the wave equation
of Schrödinger was theoretically derived from the physical concept in Newton mechanics. The derivation itself reveals that any
moving microparticle has the wave image as an intrinsic nature. It was theoretically revealed that the relation having been
accepted as a hypothesis proposed by De Broglie is valid for any moving microparticle and that another relation of matter-wave
is possible. The new diffusion theory based on the matter-wave will be useful for further development of the nanotechnology in
materials science.

Abstract
The notion of “time” is one of the key concepts in physics and philosophy and it “occupies a key role to bridge domains of experience belonging to the spiritual and physical sides of our nature” as says Sir Arthur Eddington. This essay has for subject, historical and philosophical origins of “arrow of time” as a physical notion. It is a case in which we can clearly see the close interplay between physics and philosophy.

Abstract
When we read about an author who pretends to deduce the expression  by mathematical procedures, we will see him rely on fallacies and lock himself into real labyrinths. What we mean is that he will intend to introduce the fallacy of time dilation and the inappropriate use of the Lorentz factor intervention. Moving away from these false paths, we do not treat the expression  as a mathematical formula, but instead, we investigate it as an expression on how to group these three physical magnitudes: Energy-Mass-Speed of light, in order to produce a work. With this approach, we will see that  is the expression of the history of an atom and the manifestation of the energy that it is capable of supplying. For this, we have created the Theory of the Meeting (TM) that allows us to go to the origin of when this energy was generated. We leave for consideration, analysis, and criticism, for experts in astrophysics and atomic physics.

Abstract
In the present paper, we derive generalized symmetries of order three of the Camassa–Holm equation by infinite prolongation of a generalized vector field and applying infinitesimal symmetry criterion. In addition, one-dimensional optimal system of Lie subalgebras investigated by applying the adjoint representation. Furthermore, determining equation for multipliers and the 2-dimensional homotopy formula employed to construct higher–order conservation laws for the Camassa–Holm equation.

Abstract
In the recent work, we will criticize the mental experiment that A. Einstein proposed, with the name of the principle of equivalence, to justify the validity of his theory in the case in which the reference systems do not move with uniform and rectilinear speed.