Published Articles Archive

Abstract
In clarifying the entirety of the universe, the most important processes are the emergence of the universe and the ‎formation of quarks/anti-quarks. The entirety of the universe has emerged in a causal and consecutive manner. ‎According to the Standard Model, from the dawn of the universe, particles such as 3 pairs of neutrinos (v_µ ⁄ v ̅_µ , ‎v_e ⁄ v ̅_e , v_τ ⁄ v ̅_τ ) and 6 pairs of quarks (u/u ̅,d/d ̅ , s/s ̅ , c/c ̅ , b/b ̅ , t/t ̅ ) suddenly emerged with different ‎components not due to causality but due to "vacuum phase transitions" with no space existing in the universe. In ‎this research paper, we must first assume that quarks/anti-quarks are formed inextricably linked with the ‎organization of space-time/anti-space-time and in cooperation with 2 pairs of neutrinos (v_µ ⁄ v ̅_µ , v_e ⁄ v ̅_e ) in ‎the acting of the "strong interaction" and "weak interaction." We must also assume that quarks/anti-quarks are the ‎main body that composes the π- on group ( π^+, π^-, π^±, π^0 ) and the nucleon group ( p, p ̅, n , n ̅ ), and ‎that they play the leading role to compose not only 120 types of atomic nuclei, but also all the ‎particles/antiparticles that exist in the entire universe. In other words, the formed quarks/anti-quarks must clear any ‎and all problems in the above series without any contradictions. This research paper will make clear details such as ‎the fact that only 2 pairs of quarks (u/u ̅ , d ⁄ d ̅ ), were formed; that in the entirety of the universe, only these 2 ‎pairs of quarks were given electrical charges; and that the raw materials of space-time/anti-space-time are the same ‎as quarks/anti-quarks.‎

Abstract
The interpretation of the universe put forward in this series of research papers (30 papers in total) explains ‎how the ‎universe has emerged, developed, and will end in a causal and autonomous manner according to a ‎single principle ‎from start to finish. In other words, the emergence of all particles such as neutrinos, quarks, ‎‎[the π‎-on group ( π^+,π^-,π^±,π^0 ) and the nucleon group (‎‎p‎ ‎,p ̅ ‎‎,n,n ̅ ‎ ‎)], and the 120 types of atomic ‎nuclei as well as ‎motive forces by which work physical forces such as "strong interaction," "weak ‎interaction," the "electromagnetic ‎force," and "gravity" are without exception the result of the causality ‎between the 4 types of entities that existed in ‎a single point at the emergence of the universe. Furthermore, ‎this series of research papers will make clear how the ‎universe has continuously developed according to ‎causality and, in this way, has formed the entirety of today's ‎universe, including all physical matter.‎ This research will begin by proving the insight that there was nothing outside ‎of the single point at the start ‎of the universe. A consideration of the types of entities that existed in a single point at ‎the start of the ‎universe and of the causality between these entities will follow. If we assume that not even space ‎existed ‎outside of the universe, it is not possible for neutrinos and quarks to suddenly emerge, although the ‎‎Standard Model advocates it is possible. As such, this research paper believes that the universe began by ‎‎constructing space. That is, this series of research papers splits from the Standard Model right from the start ‎of the ‎universe.‎

Abstract
A mathematical model for the slit experiments in the heart of quantum mechanics is developed to gain insight into quantum theory. The proposed system-theoretical model is entirely based on commutative mathematics, i.e. convolution, and integral transformations, and starts with spacetime functions with inherent energy-based cause and effect relations of the state-function Ѱ in the complex Hilbert space. The benefits of his approach are as 1-Invariance in time reversal. 2-Deterministic result functions in the model in line with the outcome of slit experiments. 3- Separation of causality and cross-correlations of attained states. 4- Disappearance of a posteriori probability of quantum states. 5- Quantum a priori fixed states after causality interactions have ended, (even) when quanta are (light-years) separated. The model predicts the patterns in the experiments with mathematical functions of the energy distributions. The quantum mechanical counterpart description of the physical reality of slit experiments thus may be considered complete in A. Einstein’s definition. The patterns in double slit experiments are found to be an effect of energy (amplitude-) modulation. An equivalent double-slit pattern can be retrieved from an input modulated 1-slit experiment excluding interference interpretations. The system-theoretical model uses generic properties of quanta and evolves into determinism in ‎quantum mechanics slit experiments. The mathematics in the model handles beables by treatment ‎of momentum p in system theoretical I/O relations of the transformed functions and allows the proposed description by the avoidance of a direct addressing of the individual quanta through variables. The following method yields exact, non-probabilistic results.‎

Abstract
The view of the Standard Model on the β decay of neutrons through weak interaction is that neutrons break down ‎to form ‎protons p and weak bosons W^- and finally into protons‎, electron, and anti-electron neutrinos. The three ‎quarks (u,d,d) that ‎compose neutrons are joined by strong interaction, so bonds formed by strong interaction ‎supposedly cannot be broken ‎by the weak interaction, which is far weaker than strong interaction. Nevertheless, ‎neutrons do decay. Further, the three ‎quarks (u,d,d) that form neutrons are fundamental particles, and it should ‎not be possible for other fundamental particles to ‎emerge from these three fundamental particles. Nevertheless, not ‎only does (u,d,d) change into (u,u,d) but electrons ‎and anti-electron-neutrinos, which are fundamental particles, ‎also emerge. This must not have a double meaning. As shown ‎here, there are multiple contradictions in the weak ‎interaction of the Standard Model.‎ In this paper, the weak interaction is mediated by the π‎-ons group that results from ‎the working of strong interaction step 1 ‎that was described in a previous paper and acts on the nucleons group ‎‎(‎‎p‎, p ̅ ‎‎,n, n ̅ ‎ ‎) that resulted from step 2. In other ‎words, at the point immediately prior to the emergence of weak ‎interaction, all the particles that existed in the universe were ‎used in order to make weak interaction emerge. The ‎weak interaction in this paper refers to the strong interaction bonds ‎composed of neutrons and ‎π^±‎-ons first being ‎dissolved by the strong interaction. As such, the reason why neutrons change to ‎protons is just because the ‎‎d-quark of ‎the neutron is replaced with the u‎-quark of the‎ π^±‎-on.‎

Abstract
In this Part II we focus on a few key elements of quantum mechanics essential for the understanding of quantum technologies and computing. We begin with a subtle but important similarity between classical and quantum mechanics which is typically overlooked in favor of apparent differences. Further, it is reminded that classical motion can be obtained via averaging over quantum distributions/wave functions, and, conversely, quantum distributions can be recast as a superposition of virtual classical paths. Relatedly, we emphasize the importance of the case intermediate between classical and quantum mechanics – that is, quasi-classical mechanics. The above background facilitates additional insights and heuristics into the mechanisms of widely acclaimed long-distance correlations in quantum mechanics and the origins of the coherency in quantum ensembles in the context of wave-particle duality.

Abstract
Speedy developments in Quantum Technologies mandate that fundamentals of Quantum Computing are well explained and understood. Meanwhile, paradigms of so-called quantum non-locality, wave function (WF) “collapse”, “Schrödinger cat” and some other historically popular misconceptions continue to feed mysteries around quantum phenomena. Arguing that above misinterpretations stem from classically minded and experimentally unverifiable perceptions, recasting Principle of Superposition (PS), and key experimental details into classical notions. Revisiting main components of general quantum measurement protocols (analyzers and detectors), and explaining paradoxes of WF collapse and Schrödinger cat. Reminding that quantum measurements routinely reveal correlations dictated by conservation laws in each individual realization of the quantum ensemble, manifesting “correlation-by-initial conditions” in contrast to traditional “correlation-by-interactions”. We reiterate: Quantum Mechanics (QM) is not a dynamical theory in the same sense the Classical Mechanics (CM) is – it is a statistical phenomenology, as established in 1926 by Born’s postulate. That is, while QM rests on conservation laws in each individual outcome, it does not indicate how exactly a specific outcome is selected. This selection remains fundamentally random and represents true randomness of QM, the latter being a statistical paradigm with a WF standing for a complex-valued distribution function. Finally, PS is the backbone of a quantum measurement process: PS can be conveniently viewed as a composition of partial distributions into the total distribution – similar to classical probability mixtures – and is effectuated experimentally by the analyzer part of a measuring device.

Abstract
This paper aims to point out that a wave function is a description of a quantum spatiotemporal ‎entanglement and the ‎transformation between time and space. In any quantum mechanical ‎representation, the real part of the wave function ‎represents the space wave and the imaginary ‎part represents the time wave, and they are the space-time itself. Timewave is ‎not limited by ‎space and dominates the nonlocality and integrity of a quantum. Matter-wave is a four-dimensional space-time ‎wave, and the basic unit of vacuum is a four-dimensional space-time ‎element stationary relative to the observer. The essence ‎of quantum measurement or interaction is ‎that a conjugate condensation equivalent to that determined by inner product ‎operation occurs ‎between Space-time waves. Particle property is only the localization effect of quantum global ‎collapse when ‎quantum position measurement or equivalent interaction is made.‎

Abstract
Assuming an energy density of the cosmological constant in Quantum Field Theory, we propose a simple mathematical solution to the cosmological constant problem, i.e. the disagreement of the order of a factor 10122 between the theoretical and the measured value of the vacuum energy density. We try to give a non-exclusive route for our solution to make physical sense.

Abstract
HD 158259 (or HIP 85268) is one of the members of the main sequence in G0 group stars located approximately at 88 ‎light-years away in the constellation Draco, discussed with respect to the solar system. HD 158259 was discovered by the ‎SOPHIE échelle spectrograph using the radial velocity method. This system includes five confirmed planets orbiting HD ‎‎158259, together with one unconfirmed planet. The planets orbit in a near 2/3 (or 3:2) orbital resonance. Starting from the innermost pairing, the period ratios are with the period ratios ‎‎1.5757, 1.5146, 1.5296, 1.5128, and 1.4482, respectively, starting from the innermost pairing. Here we theoretically investigate the HD ‎‎158259 system for the Semi-major axis, planet's mass, star luminosity, ‎ inner,‎ ‏ ‏center, outer, and ∆(HZ) habitable zone. We account for radial ‎velocity amplitude, planet density, and Laplace’s resonance, theoretically. The existing possibility of the sixth and undetected ‎planet (HD 158259 g) was also investigated. The orbital period and semi-major axis of this planet, computed with 0.047726 years (17.420 ‎days) and 0.135 AU respectively, with ????2 = 0.9964. The radial velocity amplitude of this new and undetected planet was ‎computed to be about 1.625 km/s. The mass of planets in terms of Solar, Jupiter, and Earth have shown direct direct proportional ‎relation with an approximate
increase in their semi-major axis. The lowest mass is closest to the star and the highest mass is farthest from the star. We compare
the habitability zone to that of NASA, Kopparapu et.al, and the original Kopparapu estimate. The application of the relative
mean motion ration (RMMR) for resonance in the triads of successive planets showed that the mode of RMMR is approximately
2/3 (or 3:2) orbital resonance, with the calculated period ratios shown above. we have also calculated the planetary equilibrium temperature (PET) in terms of the size, temperature, Albedo and distance planet to its parent star.

Abstract
Electric power is an indispensable consumer commodity for a little over a century now as all electric equipment in dwellings, commercial, and industry sectors are essentially dependent on electricity. Heat recovery steam generator, HRSG is an important system in combined cycle power plants. Indeed, excess vibrations induced on such devices may gradually lead to fatigue failure that affect the process of power output. This work investigates, models, and simulates the vibrations response of a fluid carrier pipe housed inside the cavity of the system while experiencing highly pressurized nearly perpendicular external force of extremely hot flue gas on the outside and pressurized water and water vapour from the inside. Transient and steady-state vibrations from initial conditions and the forcing function analysis are performed to account for the variation of damping, amplitude, and frequency responses of the system. Initial parameters used in the systems’ model are from industry subsequent to the OEM instructions. However, we introduce a new set of parameter values so as to observe the vibrational behaviour by varying these parameters. The purpose of performing a parameter-based vibration analysis is that parameter variation may point to different responses in the system. Indeed, this in turn indicates which set of parameters are suitable for rectifying the primary causes of undesired vibrations. To account for the consequence of mass flowrate, the model covers low pressure, intermediate pressure, and high-pressure constituents. The results obtained from the model are for the relationships of amplitude and phase angle as functions of frequency of the system. From these data, different interactions of quantities such as force, damping ratio, and number of dampers and vibration supports are observed. These results implores the implementation of new set of parameters to improve the agility of the system and minimize the impact of excess vibrations.

Abstract
In this study, according to the objectives and implementation method, climatic factors affecting ‎the dust phenomenon in active meteorological stations in Tehran province for a period of 30 years ‎were studied and analyzed. The results showed that in Mehrabad meteorological station, ‎temperature, humidity, rainfall, evaporation factors were directly related to DSI indices, wind ‎trend and dust storm changes, Lancaster, wind and storm diagrams, SPEI and the increase of ‎drought indices in the statistical period increased with temperature, evaporation and decrease. ‎Rainfall and humidity are proportional. DSI dust storm indexes were compared to 1 and ‎Lancaster drought index was compared to 50 and SPEI index was compared positively and ‎negatively in different years of the statistical period in the region and was classified in terms of ‎drought and wet season. The results of monthly and annual changes in wind trend and dust ‎storms showed that the region has no wind in all months and seasons with a speed of more than ‎‎20 meters per second. In terms of wind speed and frequency percentage, the highest wind speed ‎was related to late May and early June, and the lowest wind speed was related to late December ‎and early January. In addition, according to the changes in the wind trend and the documents of the ‎winds and thunderstorms, the prevailing wind direction in the region was from the west.‎

Abstract
This work analyses the dynamic response of Tension Leg Platform, TLP under sea wave induced forces with the aid of fluid dynamics modified Morison equation, single degree of freedom mass spring damper theory, and the Runge-Kutta ode45. Specifically, we employ the modified Morison equation to calculate the sea wave forces acting on a cylinder hull of the TLP. Two types of sea wave characteristics are analysed including sea waves in the South China Sea to compute the waves loading on the hull. Evaluated results are incorporated into the equation of motion of the platform, modeled as a single degree of freedom mass-spring-damper system to obtain the platform displacement at x-axis direction. The results showed that the dynamic response of the platform under the influence of sea wave A exhibits a displacement of 0.02 m in the direction of wave propagation parallel to the x-axis of the platform. Meanwhile, sea wave B manifests a magnitude at least twenty times larger compared to sea wave A, resulting in 0.5 m displacement in the same axis direction. We further examine the consequence of velocity profile of sea waves on displacement and time taken for a complete vibrational cycle. A parameter-fed CFD simulation with Star-CCM+ shows clear dynamic response of the TLP when acted upon by sea wave A. Obtained results indicate the importance of materials selection for construction of the hull tendons based on the motion of the hull and gives a fair estimate for cyclic loading on the tendons throughout the life cycle of the platform.

Abstract
In this paper, we will calculate an integrating factor, first integral, and reduce the order of the non-Linear second-order ODEs , through the λ-symmetry method. Moreover, we compute an integrating factor, first integral and reduce the order for particular cases of this equation.

Abstract
The Lie symmetry group of the Zabolotskaya-Khokhlov equation has been seriously studied, earlier than this. Eventually, it has been endowed with a general model by N.J.C. Ndogmo, in 2008. This research is devoted to introducing the algebra, the group, and the reductions of a new symmetry which is an exception of that model.

Abstract
Einstein's famous equation, revolutionized the theory of physics and introduced new perspectives to the study of energy and mass. However, a close consideration of its principles raises essential concerns on the equitability of mass and energy as well as other phenomena like the speed of light. The unavoidable scientific claim of this paper is that the total energy of matter depends on its internal and external energies, which are accounted for by kinetic and potential energies. In the current work, thought experiments reveal important additions to this idea regarding the apparent effects of external energy on the nature of matter and particles. This paper employs detailed thought experiments and theoretical discussions to identify and address several notable inconsistencies related to the energy and mass equation based on previous works in physics. The relative external energy of an object will be influenced by the position of the observer. The outcomes of the experiments presented herein also provide key insights into the constancy of the internal energy of all matter and particles. Generally, this paper provides an important basis for analyzing the theory underlying the physics of energy and mass, addressing questionable ideas that are common but poorly substantiated and providing a new understanding of the nature of mass and energy that lays the foundations for further research in this area by projecting the difference between them.

Abstract
With the consideration of the light which carries the photon particles, the Lorentz transformation was constructed with an impressive mathematical approach. But the generalization of that equation for all the velocities of the universe is direct enforcement on other things not to travel faster than light. It has created serious issues in every scientific research that was done in the last century based on the special theory of relativity. This paper replaces the velocity of light with some other velocities and shows us the possible consequences and highlights the issues of special relativity. If I travel through my past or future and was able to see another me there, who would be the real Hamdoon I or the one I see there in the past or future! If the real one is only me, the one I saw, is not me, so, I could not travel through my or someone else's past or future. Therefore, no one can travel through time. If both of us are the same, can the key of personal identity be duplicated or be separated into two or more parts? These are some of the fundamental philosophical arguments that annihilate the concept of time travel which is one of the sequels of special relativity.

Abstract
The first climatic factors affecting the phenomenon of dust and fine dust are collected, reconstructed, extended and completed in the form of DSI (Dust Storm Index) and Lancaster in Mehrabad meteorological station of Tehran was studied and analyzed. The results showed that in Mehrabad meteorological station in terms of temperature in 1992 the lowest value and in 1998, 2001, 2017 the highest value and in terms of humidity in 2017 the lowest amount of humidity and in 2000 the highest amount of humidity and in terms of rainfall in the year 2013 the lowest amount of precipitation and in 2019 the highest amount of precipitation and in terms of evaporation in 2009 the lowest amount of evaporation and in 1391 the highest amount of evaporation and finally in terms of number of dust days in 1998 the lowest number of days and in 2009 the highest number of days Dust has been recorded. Mehrabad station of Tehran in years showed DSI index, more than one number and Lancaster index, more than fifty number in most of the mentioned years, the values of temperature and evaporation are high and the values of precipitation and humidity are relatively low, which shows the direct relationship between the dust storm index (DSI index) and mobility index of sand dunes (Lancaster index) is almost too high and above the number It is noteworthy that in most of the mentioned years, Meteorological factors and data have been at Mehrabad station in Tehran.

Abstract
As per Newtonian laws of motion and gravitation, the gravitational force of attraction governs all the planets of solar system. Here we discuss equilibrium of planets in which gravitational force represents one side and the magnetic hold the other side. The planet achieves equilibrium in the solar field at that point where its centrifugal (i.e., gravitational) force balances the magnetic hold of sun. The sun develops magnetic flux on the planet according to its surface area, magnetic content and rotational velocity. As per available data, calculations in this regard are in good agreement with the functions achieving rotational and orbital motions and equilibrium of planet, thus supporting our concept. Therefore, this theory provides the missing link explaining magnetic interaction with the centrifugal force of planet to achieve equilibrium, hold and motion.

Abstract
All kinds of waves occur for the disturbances in the quiet gravitational field. Different waves powered differently and propagated in the gravitational field. A black hole is the higher GFI (Gravitational Field Intensity) area. The rays do not possess, coming from a distant source when pass by the black holes, adequate strength to disturb in the higher GFI area of the black holes. Naturally, the rays take on a curve path as the provision in a circular area depends on the radius (distance), keeping distance according to the lower GFI area around the black holes’ centre.

Abstract
The discovery of extrasolar planets outside our solar system and around other stars is now well underway. In the presented paper, calculations of some physical properties for confirmed exoplanets have been done. We have estimated physical properties such as the semi-major axis for potentially habitable exoplanets, the mass of planets by applying Kepler's third law around the mass of solar, Jupiter, and Earth-mass, stellar luminosity, habitability zone for the inner center and outer regions, radial velocity amplitude, planetary equilibrium temperature (PET) or effective radiation emission temperature and planet density. The mass-radius (MR) relationship of planets was investigated for potentially habitable exoplanets of three different groups of extrasolar planets: Subterran (Mars-size), Terran (Earth-size), and Superterran (Super-Earths or Mini-Neptunes); introduced in PHL, and found well coefficient values for each group. The minimum and maximum values for the mass and radius of exoplanets have been selected mass between  0.1 to10 Earth mass, radius between 0.4 to 2.5 Earth radius. The same MR relationship has also estimated the same properties for a larger number of confirmed exoplanets with a mass and radius of mass between  0.1 to100 Earth mass and radius between 0.4 to 15 Earth radius, respectively, resulting their classification within 7 groups of mass and radius, with good coefficient values for each group. This is a new, possible cataloging that may need more effort for concluding a better understanding of the properties and varieties of the exoplanets.