M-2: The Emergence of Quarks/Anti-Quarks
Abstract
In clarifying the entirety of the universe, the most important processes are the emergence of the universe and the formation of quarks/anti-quarks. The entirety of the universe has emerged in a causal and consecutive manner. According to the Standard Model, from the dawn of the universe, particles such as 3 pairs of neutrinos (v_µ ⁄ v ̅_µ , v_e ⁄ v ̅_e , v_τ ⁄ v ̅_τ ) and 6 pairs of quarks (u/u ̅,d/d ̅ , s/s ̅ , c/c ̅ , b/b ̅ , t/t ̅ ) suddenly emerged with different components not due to causality but due to "vacuum phase transitions" with no space existing in the universe. In this research paper, we must first assume that quarks/anti-quarks are formed inextricably linked with the organization of space-time/anti-space-time and in cooperation with 2 pairs of neutrinos (v_µ ⁄ v ̅_µ , v_e ⁄ v ̅_e ) in the acting of the "strong interaction" and "weak interaction." We must also assume that quarks/anti-quarks are the main body that composes the π- on group ( π^+, π^-, π^±, π^0 ) and the nucleon group ( p, p ̅, n , n ̅ ), and that they play the leading role to compose not only 120 types of atomic nuclei, but also all the particles/antiparticles that exist in the entire universe. In other words, the formed quarks/anti-quarks must clear any and all problems in the above series without any contradictions. This research paper will make clear details such as the fact that only 2 pairs of quarks (u/u ̅ , d ⁄ d ̅ ), were formed; that in the entirety of the universe, only these 2 pairs of quarks were given electrical charges; and that the raw materials of space-time/anti-space-time are the same as quarks/anti-quarks.