Published Articles Archive

Abstract
The concept of mental disorder remains one of the most philosophically complex and clinically significant constructs in ‎psychiatry. Although international classification systems such as ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR provide operational definitions, ‎fundamental conceptual ambiguities persist regarding the distinction between pathology, cultural variation, and socially ‎deviant behavior. In Japan, where psychiatric practice primarily follows the ICD system and cultural context plays a central ‎role in shaping normative expectations, definitional clarity is particularly important. This article develops a strengthened ‎conceptual framework grounded in three interdependent criteria: culturally contextualized deviation, harmfulness, and ‎epistemic incomprehensibility requiring professional explanatory systems. Through theoretical analysis and integration of ‎philosophy of psychiatry, cultural psychology, and Japanese sociocultural considerations, the study proposes a refined ‎descriptive definition of mental disorder. The model clarifies the boundary between pathology and rationally intelligible ‎misconduct while maintaining compatibility with contemporary psychiatric practice.‎

Abstract
This manuscript develops a theoretical framework in which irradiated metal complexes interact with cellular membranes through a dual-boundary energetic structure that enables selective intracellular trapping. Building on prior work in electromagnetic flux guidance, zero-resistivity domains, and discontinuity surfaces, the membrane is modelled as two discrete dissipative boundaries enclosing a low-loss interior. When a complex with initial kinetic energy encounters the first boundary, an energy cost is imposed; a second equivalent cost appears at the exit interface. The resulting inequality system divides motion into three non-overlapping regimes: rejection E0 < W if , trapping if W < E0 < 2W , and full transmission if . In the trapping interval, the complex enters the interior but cannot exit because no real-valued propagation state remains after the second dissipation event. This produces directional asymmetry without invoking biochemical affinity entry and exit are not reversible operations, and confinement emerges from the disappearance of admissible solutions rather than from force, binding, or potential wells. The model therefore predicts a physically grounded mechanism by which pathological membranes with altered boundary cost could, in principle, exhibit different trapping behaviour than healthy cells. While no therapeutic or clinical claim is made, the analysis identifies measurable indicators boundary dissipation, interior continuity, and exit-state collapse that define how the hypothesis could be experimentally tested. The work concludes by framing this mechanism as a conditional, testable proposal in theoretical biophysics.

Abstract
A number of key predictions of the standard cosmological model are in tension with observations, including the apparent need for dark matter and dark energy, the Hubble tension, the S₈ tension, and the existence of seemingly “impossible” early galaxies. Together, these issues imply that only about 5% of the Universe’s matter–energy content is understood, yet they are typically examined in isolation. In this work, we explore a single unifying hypothesis: these diverse discrepancies may arise from a systematic misestimation of the speed of light on cosmological scales. We propose that the effective cosmological light speed is reduced by a factor of approximately 2.4 relative to its local vacuum value. This framework introduces no new forms of matter, fields, or laws; instead, it is grounded in general relativity through an extension of the Shapiro effect. From this assumption, we derive a set of quantitative predictions and compare them with observations across roughly a dozen major cosmological problems. The agreement obtained is consistently favorable, and the coherence of the approach strengthens its plausibility. While it may be premature to dismiss the standard model outright, our results suggest that its interpretation par-ticularly its assumption that the speed of light is universally equal to its local value requires reconsideration. We advocate pursuing this hypothesis in parallel with the ΛCDM model, as it offers a simple, unified alternative to the numerous ad hoc components currently invoked.

Abstract
There are two fundamental forces in nature: (1) the Gravitational Attractive Force (GAF), as described by Newtonian mechanics, and (2) the Buoyancy Force in the Gravitational Field (BFGF), as proposed in this study. These two forces influence motion such as orbital dynamics, rotational behavior of celestial bodies, free-fall trajectories, and the evaporation of matter within a gravitational field. Local activities are affected by larger bodies through the acceleration due to gravitational attraction (g), the Newtonian gravitational attractive force (Fn), the actual gravitational attractive force (Fa), and the buoyancy force of the gravitational field (B).

Abstract
In this study, we explore the interaction between two hypothesized fundamental forces in nature: the traditional Gravitational Attractive Force (GAF), as described by Newtonian mechanics, and a proposed Buoyancy Force of the Gravitational Field (BFGF). We suggest that the balance between these two forces governs various phenomena, including orbital motion, rotational dynamics, free-fall trajectories, and even evaporation processes. Using orbital velocity data of planets and their natural satellites, we propose a revised technique to reassess the masses of the Sun and planets. Our analysis suggests that these celestial bodies may possess significantly larger masses than previously estimated. Additionally, we argue that the interplay between GAF and BFGF could provide an alternative interpretation of redshift phenomena and support a steady-state model of the universe. The proposed model also links tidal forces to life processes on Earth, highlighting a novel perspective on planetary evolution and biological cycles. While this framework presents intriguing possibilities, further theoretical and observational validation is essential to confirm these ideas.

Abstract
In this work, we explore the evolution of the universe within a five-dimensional framework, where mass is considered an additional, independent dimension alongside the conventional three spatial dimensions and time. By extending Lorentz-type transformations to incorporate mass, we establish a direct relationship between the total mass and the age of the universe. This leads to a generalized metric expressed as r2= x2 + y2+ z2 - (ct)2- (G/c2M)2, where M denotes mass in kilograms, and G/c2 acts as a conversion factor expressing mass as a length-like dimension. Using this approach, we derive expressions showing that if the age of the universe at a given epoch is known, its total mass can be determined, and vice versa. The results yield an estimated present mass of approximately 1053 kg and an age of about 14 billion years, both in strong agreement with contemporary astrophysical observations. Additionally, we perform a detailed numerical comparison with the standard ΛCDM cosmological model, incorporating scale factor evolution and constant mass assumptions derived from Planck 2018 parameters. While both models exhibit similar numerical outputs at the present epoch, our five-dimensional framework introduces a novel geometrical perspective on cosmic evolution, suggesting alternative insights into the nature of mass, dark energy, and the structure of spacetime. This model offers a potentially unifying higher-dimensional approach to understanding the universe’s expansion history and large-scale structure.

Abstract
This study presents a novel theoretical framework unifying classical physics, quantum mechanics, and general relativity through the paradigm of energy transformation. It introduces the concept of constructive resonance coherent energy interactions that underlie the emergence of mass, matter, space, and time. Positioning time as an emergent property of energetic interactions, the paper proposes a modified interpretation of the Einstein Field Equations (EFE), incorporating the total cosmic energy density E, the speed of light to the fourth power c⁴, and the cosmological constant Λ. Central to this approach is the idea that photons initiate structural formation in the early universe, contributing to spacetime curvature and the cosmic microwave background. The model further explores a cyclical cosmology, in which the universe alternates between phases of expansion and contraction. Even in a seemingly static or “heat death” state, hidden quantum activity may sustain dynamic evolution. The framework suggests a Complexified Curvature Tensor to account for both observable and “hidden” energy contributions in spacetime geometry. Observational phenomena such as gravitational lensing, Mercury’s orbital precession, and gravitational waves are revisited to emphasize the foundational role of c⁴ in spacetime dynamics. This reinterpretation offers fresh insight into unresolved mysteries like dark energy, cosmic evolution, and the possible rebirth of the universe. Ultimately, the paper proposes that constructive energy interactions are the engine of cosmic structure, potentially reshaping our understanding of gravity, time, and the destiny of the universe.

Abstract
This paper explores the influence of a buoyancy-like force within the gravitational field on the orbital and rotational behavior of celestial bodies. Drawing an analogy from fluid mechanics, it is proposed that all matter, when immersed in a gravitational field, experiences a buoyant force similar to that observed in liquids. This gravitational buoyancy may play a significant role in the motion of celestial bodies. Through comparative analysis of orbital parameters involving the Earth, Moon, and Sun, the study suggests that the actual masses of the Earth and the Sun could be greater than current estimates. A mathematical model incorporating surface area and the inverse-square law is introduced to describe this additional force. The concept offers a potential extension to classical gravitational theory and may contribute to a deeper understanding of celestial mechanics.

Abstract
Special Relativity (SR) incorporates the concept of length contraction as a coordinate-dependent and symmetrical effect. According to SR, two observers in relative motion, each equipped with identical measuring rods, can both validly assert that the other's rod appears contracted. This paper challenges the physical interpretation of this principle by presenting a series of simplified thought experiments. These experiments reveal contradictions within SR, suggesting that the theory predicts two fundamentally different types of length contraction when applied to real-world scenarios. The results call for a critical reassessment of the role of length contraction in SR and invite further exploration of its theoretical consistency and implications for modern physics.

Abstract
This paper critically examines the assumptions underlying Albert Einstein's Special Relativity Theory (SR), particularly focusing on its treatment of light behavior in different reference frames and the resulting implications for time dilation and interstellar travel. While SR posits that the passage of time alters with velocity, approaching a standstill near the speed of light, we argue that this relies on a flawed assumption about the simultaneity of light observation across different frames. Through a detailed analysis of optical laws and the behavior of light, this paper contends that the conventional interpretation of time dilation and the possibility of faster-than-light travel may need re-evaluation. We suggest that time, rather than being a manipulable physical property, should be viewed as a metric for changes in velocity, calling for a nuanced understanding of its role in physical laws.

Abstract
With the changes made in the management of nomadic rangelands, it is accompanied by the interference of the government and nomads to prepare a new migration calendar. With considering the limitations in the government system, the issue of feasibility of reassigning this responsibility to the nomads and providing the ground for their role-playing in rangeland management has been proposed as one of the ways to leave the inappropriate and inefficient situation of the current management system. Therefore, the Nomadic Affairs Organization, the Forests, Rangelands and Watershed Organization, Research Institute of Forests and Range lands of Iran; considered to interfere to this issue as a logical item based on the research findings. After several meetings, the summer rangelands of Dahaneh Sangheh, Dahaneh Chehel Bareh, Kamar dasht Vasat and Marghsar Lar in Tehran province were selected as a pilot to assess the impact of nomadic management and organization support on vegetation changes in this area. The evaluated indicators were range lands capacity, range lands condition, trend and utilization percentage in two stages before entering and after the leaving the nomads from the range lands. For this purpose, representatives of the nomad were introduced. The study began in 2016 for 4 years. The results of analysis of variance showed significant effect of the year on the percentage of vegetation after grazing and production residue. Besides, the comparison of the average data showed that most of the indicators made changes leading to improve vegetation conditions. The main reason for their success was related to the family management system and the presence of environmental and natural resources protection officers in the region. To sum up, it seems that this model can be generalized in rangeland management in other similar areas provided that the relevant organizations cooperate with the nomadic representatives.

Abstract
Metal-based complexes are widely investigated for their ability to disrupt DNA replication in cancer cells; however, achieving selective transport into malignant cells while avoiding healthy tissue remains a central challenge. In this work, we propose a theoretical model in which electromagnetic excitation facilitates the transport of metal complexes across cellular lipid membranes, with selectivity arising from differences in membrane thickness and associated electromagnetic response. The model treats membrane traversal as an energetically constrained process governed by electromagnetic flux-tube–like transport channels, where the efficiency of transmission depends sensitively on membrane geometry and dissipation. By formulating a frequency-dependent criterion linking photon energy to membrane thickness, we demonstrate that, in principle, irradiation at specific frequencies could preferentially enhance transport into cancer cells while suppressing penetration into healthy cells. The analysis is exploratory and theoretical in nature, aiming to establish a physically motivated framework rather than a clinical protocol. Experimental validation is required to assess biological feasibility, safety, and efficacy. Nonetheless, the model provides a novel perspective on membrane-selective transport mechanisms that may inform future investigations in electromagnetic drug delivery and cancer therapy.

Abstract
The Earth Similarity Index (ESI) is a quantitative metric designed to evaluate how closely an exoplanet resembles Earth based on key physical parameters. This study conducts a comparative assessment of four ESI calculation methods: the Radius–Flux method (ESI(R-F)), the Ratio and Exponent Method (ESI(REM)), the Weighted Difference Method (ESI(WDM)), and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (ESI(AHP)). These approaches incorporate combinations of planetary radius, density, escape velocity, surface temperature, and stellar flux, normalized to Earth standards. The manuscript systematically derives each method, applies them to hypothetical exoplanets, and extends calculations to a large sample of observed planets. Results show that the four methods vary in sensitivity to planetary parameters, with ESI(AHP) offering structured weighting and ESI(WDM) allowing more flexible parametrization. The comparative evaluation highlights the strengths and limitations of each method for identifying potentially habitable exoplanets. This work contributes to improving multi-criteria assessments of planetary Earth-likeness and provides a foundation for future refinement of habitability indices.

Abstract
This study presents a theoretical framework of gravitational-aether dynamics to explain the anomalously high surface temperature of Venus. The model links planetary rotation rate to an internal coupling between gravitational and electromagnetic fields, suggesting that slow rotation reduces outward energy dissipation and increases internal heat retention. A potential-based formulation is developed, combining an inner harmonic potential (valid inside a uniform-density sphere) and an outer hyperbolic potential (applicable beyond the surface). The transition between these regimes defines a differentiable “potential well” that corresponds to the region of maximum gravitational time dilation and energy concentration. By extending this framework thermodynamically, the minimization of gravitational potential is shown to correspond to entropy maximization, connecting planetary rotation, aether dynamics, and heat equilibrium. The results suggest that Venus’s extreme surface temperature may arise naturally from this aether-mediated force unification, offering an alternative interpretation to purely radiative or greenhouse explanations.

Abstract
This paper proposes a radical reinterpretation of electron dynamics in atoms, arguing for a fundamental revision of both Bohr and Schrödinger atomic models. Introducing the concept of a "Reverse Higgs process," the authors suggest that electrons can lose their rest mass and propagate at the speed of light as massless entities on electromagnetic or so-called "ghost" waves. The work challenges conventional quantum mechanical views of the radial wavefunction ψ(R), proposing instead that ψ(R) represents a constant orbital size rather than a probabilistic distribution. The authors present a geometric reinterpretation of orbital shapes using twisted rope analogies to explain transitions between s-, p-, d-, and f-orbitals, emphasizing that space-time curvature naturally leads to orbital quantization. By distinguishing between ghost waves and true electromagnetic waves, the study further argues that electron trajectories are well-defined rather than probabilistic clouds, effectively reinterpreting quantum entanglement and spin. Ultimately, the paper claims to complete Einstein’s theory of special relativity and suggests a unified framework for understanding electron propagation, molecular bonding, and the structure of complex molecules. This new perspective has implications for foundational physics and chemistry, challenging longstanding interpretations and proposing an alternative geometric and dynamic basis for atomic and molecular behavior.

Abstract
This paper presents a speculative theoretical framework proposing that dark energy, beyond its cosmological role in the accelerated expansion of the universe, may also influence atomic coherence, biological organization, consciousness, and the evolutionary process. Drawing from concepts in cosmology, quantum mechanics, neuroscience, and metaphysics, the author develops symbolic models and thought experiments to explore the unifying role of dark energy across cosmic and quantum scales. While not experimentally verifiable, the work offers a conceptual basis for interpreting life, consciousness, and existence as outcomes of energy-based programs governed by dark energy. The discussion includes metaphoric equations, illustrative diagrams, and analogical reasoning to bridge current scientific theories with speculative metaphysical ideas, inviting further interdisciplinary discourse.

Abstract
This paper develops a novel theory of atomic and molecular orbitals grounded in a broader quantum physics framework articulated across four prior volumes. The central hypothesis posits that atomic orbitals are fixed, geometrically defined structures—unlike the probabilistic “fuzzy” models arising from the unsolved radial part of the Schrödinger equation. While the angular component of the wavefunction ψ(θ,ϕ) has been successfully derived and utilized to classify orbital types (s- and p-orbitals), this work emphasizes a complementary geometric interpretation. Molecular orbitals, in this theory, are formed by the direct “touching” of atomic orbitals, with bonding permitted only when the change in angular momentum quantum number satisfies Δl=±1. Electrons traverse the surfaces of these orbitals at the speed of light (v=c). This requirement results in a characteristic bonding sequence of p–s–p–s… in molecular systems. An s-orbit, being devoid of angular momentum, causes electrons to reverse direction at specific nodes, giving rise to oscillatory angular behavior. This contrasts with p-orbitals, where motion involves rotation about the z-axis. These principles set the foundation for a re-examination of π-bonding and aromaticity, suggesting that even an isolated double bond constitutes a minimal aromatic system (n = 0), governed by dynamic electron resonance and structural symmetry. This work builds on the author’s previous theoretical volumes and seeks to redefine core concepts in chemical bonding and molecular structure.

Abstract
This paper introduces a conceptual 4-dimensional space time model that departs fundamentally from Einstein’s relativity. Unlike observer dependent systems, this framework emphasizes true simultaneity, distinguishing objective reality from perceived events. It defines a 4D orthogonal vector coordinate system, combining 3D Cartesian space with a fourth dimension of virtual time surfaces, which represent instantaneous temporal slices across space. These time surfaces are curved within an otherwise flat 3D space, forming a dynamic, evolving “present” enclosed at the boundary of the space time system. Time is modeled as an independent scalar magnitude, making it fully orthogonal to spatial dimensions and immune to external influences like gravity. This redefines the role of time as a pure sequence of events, without the curvature or distortion proposed in general relativity. By projecting 3D space onto this new virtual topology, the model offers a unique geometric view of space time. It challenges conventional gravitational space time interactions and repositions time as an unlinked, autonomous coordinate within a unified but orthogonal framework.

Abstract
In this paper, we explore the resolution of the twin paradox through the lens of Muhammad Aslam Musakhail's closed fluid dynamic principle, which offers a novel interpretation based on the pre-Einsteinian concept of aether theory. Building on this principle, we develop a mathematical framework that defines the aether force as the difference between relativistic total mass and rest mass, which vanishes for stationary objects. This framework provides a fresh perspective on relativistic dynamics. We apply this theory to the twin paradox, a cornerstone of special relativity, demonstrating that the discrepancy in the twins' clocks arises due to the acceleration experienced by the traveling twin. Importantly, we hypothesize that the clock adjustment for the traveling twin begins not with the onset of acceleration but at the moment of trajectory reversal-when the twin transitions from outbound to inbound motion. This reinterpretation resolves the paradox within the context of the aether dynamic principle. Furthermore, we extend the framework to explore its implications for Solar flares, as detailed in our previous work, On the Aether Dynamics, Twin Paradox, and Ultimate Relativity of Solar Flares. A rigorous derivation of the aether force is presented, transforming it from a conjecture into a mathematically grounded concept. This derivation not only strengthens the theoretical foundation of the aether dynamic principle but also provides a unified approach to relativistic phenomena.

Abstract
Self-harming behaviors commonly emerge from complex emotional, cognitive, and existential struggles. This case-based article presents an integrated therapeutic approach that combines elements of Existential Therapy and Cognitive-Behavioral Modification (CBM) to treat a young female client exhibiting depressive symptoms, unresolved emotional conflict, loneliness, and recurrent self-harm arising from maladaptive self-talk. Across eight structured sessions and follow-up visits, the intervention aimed to help the client explore the meaninglessness she experienced, reconstruct a sense of purpose, and replace irrational internal dialogue with healthier cognitive patterns. The treatment process involved: (1) identifying repressed emotions and the existential vacuum underlying the client’s despair; (2) guiding the client to discard old, harmful assumptions about self-worth; (3) fostering new personal meaning based on Viktor Frankl’s logotherapy framework; and (4) applying CBM techniques to restructure negative self-statements, develop adaptive internal dialogue, and acquire practical coping skills. Post-intervention evaluation indicated substantial reduction in self-harm behavior, improved emotional regulation, re-engagement with family, and the establishment of meaningful short- and long-term life goals. This integrated approach demonstrates how combining existential meaning-making with cognitive restructuring can provide an effective pathway for clients whose self-harming behaviors stem from distorted self-perception, isolation, and unresolved emotional experiences.