Published Articles Archive

Abstract
Loschmidt's number has played an important role in the development of science and technology and in the establishment of various standards. However, despite advances in the technological methods of estimating Loschmidt's number, the nature of its formation remains unknown. The information that lies in the nature of this constant can be useful for understanding the properties of a physical vacuum and the character of processes of the interaction of matter in this environment. Basing on time and experiment-tested the laws of molecular physics and thermodynamics, some features of the host medium of micro-particles involved in the formation of Loschmidt’s number were identified, describing its nature and the previously unknown phenomena of fundamental pressure of a Universe. The characteristics of various physical and chemical processes occurring in systems associated with a vacuum and the behavior of heavenly bodies are considered from the perspective of this phenomenon’s existence.

Abstract
Since marital satisfaction is an important factor to have a life in peace. Thus, to study the state of couple's satisfaction, is so necessary. In this research, a survey containing of 20 both blind couples, 20 both sighted couples, 20 couples with blind man and sighted woman and 10 couples with blind woman and sighted man according to educational level, duration of common life and the economic situation under the purposive sampling is selected from all the blind and sighted couples of Tehran city. After collecting the data, it was studied by one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and independent (t) test. According to the result of the total average of couples, it does not have any big difference with 95%. Only in 3 subsets of common life, personal behaviours plus communicational and social behaviours, couples with man or woman blind is higher than couples who are both blind or able to see. The same situation of marital satisfaction represented probably the state of blindness is not the main cause of couple's satisfaction.

Abstract
This paper aims to define Conscious Psychological Balance as an essential dimension of mental health. This type of Balance is a product of self-regulatory processes providing productivity and satisfaction. Self-regulatory processes such as resilience are based on cognitive, emotional and behavioral strengths, and should happen adequately within time and different contexts. The concept of Balance emphasizes justice implicitly. This definition is constructed by the comparison of the ideas of different pioneer thinkers in psychology and other disciplines. There are great similarities between the definitions of positive mental health and psychological balance on the subjective and functional aspects of mental health. However, Balance perspective draws attention to a holistic perspective on mental health and can contribute to prevent social problems by emphasizing justice.

Abstract
This paper present a studies of magnetic multilayer structure and a key advantage of Molecular Beam Epitaxy preparation technique, and additional epitaxial over layers to study interlayer exchange coupling and the resulting reduction of growth induced defect are discussed.

Abstract
In this work, the performance of fusion reactor ITER90H-P with considering D–T and D-3He fuels are examined by writing the dynamics equations on the system reactor. Therefore, we solve these equations analytically in the steady state. In this state we determine the optimum conditions for achieving the maximum fusion gain .In addition, we ignore the impurities because we need to high performance points without impurities. Our calculations in this paper show that we have maximum fusion gain for DT and D-3He fusion reactions in steady state at resonance temperature Kev70 for D-T fusion reaction respectively .Their maximum values of fusion gain are equal to 6.01 for D-T fuel-andthe0.012 for D-3He, respectively. Therefore, currently, using D-3He as a fusion fuel is not recommended.

Abstract
Phosphorous passivation of the interface (4H-SiC/SiO2) improves interface trap density (Dit) from 1013 eV-1cm-2 to 2×1012eV-1cm-2 at 0.2eV  below the conduction band edge of 4H-SiC. Due to the formation of phosphosilicate glass (PSG) layer during P passivation, metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors (MOS-Cs) are highly unstable. Under bias-temperature stress (BTS) there is very large shift in the flatband voltage, VFB, (independent of the bias polarity) of MOS-Cs. In this paper we proposed a new method to improve the stability of these devices. The PSG layer formed after passivation is etched-off in buffered oxide etch (BOE) and then capped with deposited oxide. Devices fabricated with this process showed Dit of 4x1012eV-1cm-2, and are stable after BTS test performed at 150oC, +1.5MV/cm. This value of Dit is as good as the-state-of-the-art NO/N2O passivated MOS-C. Also, XPS indicated the presence of P at the interface after etching which explains “NO/N2O –like” Dit for etched PSG MOS-Cs.

Abstract
The study was a true-experimental pre-post test design, including four groups of first year university students from Rodeheen Azad University (n=120). The four groups were given the pre-test using the Emotional Intelligence questionnaire (EQI). The students in three experimental group Anger Management, intrapersonal Communication Skills And Stress Management Training ) each of group attended five 2-hour training sessions separately while the control group was only given pre-post (EQ). The data were analyzed using Ancova method (analysis of covariance) t–test and Mann-Whitney U Test. Results of the study indicate that training in anger management, stress management intrapersonal communication skills will lead to increased Emotional Intelligence of female students.

Abstract
The present study was to compare the effects of Fernald multi-sensory teaching method and sensory integration on improving the dictation disorder on third grade primary school students with dysgraphia in Tehran. Pretest posttest method was done on control group. The study population consisted of all the primary third grade female students suffering dictation disorder in normal schools in Tehran (2011-2012). The study samples were selected through multi-stage random sampling from some schools and randomly divided into three 10-person groups. The dysgraphia test and Raven’s color IQ test were conducted. Data were analyzed via analysis of variance.The results showed that the multi-sensory approach and sensory integration were effective in improving their dictation. In other words, the hypothesis was accepted with 95% confidence. On the contrary, the results of both tests showed there was no significant difference between improvement in accuracy and mirror dictation disorder. Therefore, the hypothesis was rejected with 95% confidence. The findings can be effective in enhancement and retention of training the students who cannot progress through the implemented methods in schools.

Abstract
The main topic of this research is how teaching anger management, skills affects emotional intelligence of first year university female students of Roodehen Islamic Azad University in Iran. The study population is all first year female students of Roodehen Islamic Azad University. The study was carried out on 60 students who were selected by multi-stage randomized sampling method and were divided into the TWO groups (experimental and control, with 30 students in each group). Before carrying out the experimental intervention (presentation of the independent variables), the TWO groups were given the pre-test using the Emotional Intelligence questionnaire (EQI). Then, the students in experimental group attended five2-hour training sessions of anger management, One week after the intervention, the two groups were post-tested again using the EQI. The data were analyzed using Ancova method ( analysis of covariance) t –test and Mann-Whitney U Test. Results of the study indicate that training in anger management, skills will lead to increased Emotional Intelligence of female students, compared with the control group.

Abstract
Light pollution can cause disturbance to humans as well as animals. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of light pollution on human's health, plants, animals, human body and People’s attitude about light pollution. About 90% of people strongly agreed that excessive lighting has adverse effects on a person's health. At least, 70% of people had difficulty in sleeping because of light pollution. Most of people believed that video Billboards, Spotlights, Car headlights and Street lights are the most important source of light pollution and about 60% of people agree that light pollution can affect animal’s sleep. 60% of people believed that excessive artificial light can attract several kinks of birds and insects. The results of this study indicate that the human health, plants growth and animal behaviour are strongly affected by the light pollution.‎

Abstract
This correlation research compared the levels of mental health among Iranian and Malaysian mothers of children with mild intellectual disability, and role of emotional intelligence and social support on their mental health. The research is based on the purposive sampling technique which involved 227 respondents from Tehran, Iran and 236 respondents from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.The Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the good fit of the model in studying the relationships among the variables.

Abstract
Interest on the ultra-short laser has increased continually over the past decade. Scientists have an excellent power medical resource and the use of this resource will assist in the development of sustainable medical procedures. Scientists with its many technologies and significant medical range-might be expected to have considerable potential for treatment skin cancer. In this paper influences of the critical electron density and radiation intensity on the free-electron density for the ablation on the epidermis and dermis tissues are investigated. Our research work show existing of an inverse relationship between intensity radiations of laser pulsed and distance of focal spot with time dependent of free-electron density. This case is proper for skin cancer treatment. Also, our calculations for each medium (water and skin tissue)show that optimum time dependent  free electron density for dermis layer at angle 16˚ and 22˚ which is a function of wavelength, beam width, beam radius, amplitude of the beam radiation strength and pulse duration is  more than for epidermis layer.‎

Abstract
A sample of 877 individuals (57% women and 43% men) was selected randomly to study the validity and reliability structure of the social support that answered the researcher’s-made questionnaire of the social support. The result of validity study of the final questionnaire showed that the calculated Chronbach alpha coefficient was 0.736. The opinion of the authorities in the field of psychology concerning content validity of the questionnaire was positive. The result of exploratory/confirmatory factor analysis showed that all fitness indexes were in a very desirable limit (RMSEA = 0.056), and the model had a good fit with data. This was suggestive of the questions being in line with the theoretical structure.

Abstract
The Present  material is anti ferromagnetic and insulting while replacing  with alkaline earth atoms changes take place in symmetry and crystal structure. Ferromagnetic interaction for example increase with do pant concentration  and attains maximum at, beyond this level different type of antiferromagnetic interaction intra as well as inter-layer emerge which grown the overall magnetic behavior of the compound. We discuss semi covalent exchange interactions of four types. The nature of exchange viewed with the degree of overlap of the empty   level and the field  level. Then most interesting case is where exchange between  and  take place through hopping of holes levels from  to  via. At each site the mobile hole spin is parallel to the localized case spin at  and, thus, ferromagnetism is developed along  bonds. This double exchange is strong enough to suppress other exchange interactions. In this paper we are discuss the fundamental aspects of the double-exchange interaction, the impact of other important features like john-Teller effect, modulation of  bond length and angle through A-site substitution ,charge carrier transport dependence on A-site radius, orbital ordering among the   -  network etc. the colossal magneto resistance (CMR) phenomena arises due to several cause. The paper reviews various observed aspects related to CMR to contribute to latest understanding of its physics. Some experimental results are given to illustrate some aspects.‎

Abstract
Stau fusion catalyzed fusion proceeds inside the fuel mixture with a wide range of temperature considered. The purpose of this paper is to present a detailed calculation of Stau-atoms and molecules formation rates for different common fusion reactions and the obtained results are compared with each other. Because these formation rates are the most important parameters in the Stau catalyzed fusion method and values of them are directly related to energy production. Our obtained results show that, selection of fusion fuel in determination of formation rate parameter plays an important role. Also, the atom formation rate for ,, are is nearly 100 times greater than .‎

Abstract
A sample of 877 individuals (57% women and 43% men) were selected randomly to study the validity and reliability structure of the social support that answered the researcher’s-made questionnaire of the social support. The result of validity study of the final questionnaire show that the calculated Chronbach alpha coefficient is 0.738. The opinion of the authorities in the psychological field concerning content validity of the questionnaire was positive. The result of exploratory/confirmatory factor analysis showed that all fitness indexes were in a very desirable limit (RMSEA = 0.055), and the model had a good fit with data. This was suggestive of the questions being in line with the theoretical structure.

Abstract
Centre; size; shape; age and Creator of the Universe are some of the most basic questions puzzling the humankind since times immemorial. Direction of time dimension is uncertain. The quest for the basic constituent of the Universe is still on. No theory is able to explain Its governance mechanism. Through this article, a truthful effort made to put together the Universal laws, which govern the functioning of the Universe. It, not even Its smallest constituent, can neither be created nor destroyed. It has created Itself in a state of dynamic equilibrium. Life span and all Its dimensions range from minus infinity to plus infinity. Its every constituent is always unique and has life in it.  Physical forces as well as the Soul, the Desire, the Love and the Need forces have exert pressure to ‎continuously amend the future.‎ Summing up, the God is Universe and the Universe is God‎‎.

Abstract
Solid state thermal diffusion is not a common method of impurity doping in silicon carbide (SiC) device fabrication due to the extremely high temperatures required for such a process to occur. We have recently reported that solid state impurity doping by thermal diffusion in SiC is possible if there is a parallel mechanism, such as oxidation or silicidation that creates silicon or carbon vacancies, which then allows dopant impurities to diffuse into these vacancies. This paper describes the experimental procedures by which oxidation and silicidation can be used to generate vacancies and enhance impurity doping at temperatures below 1400 ºC‎.

Abstract
Gravity is the foundation of the current physical paradigm. Due to that gravity is strongly linked to the curvature of space-time, we research that it lacks of a valid physical concept of space-time, nevertheless that from the science philosophy, via substantivalism, it has tried respond. We found that is due to that the gnoseological process applied from the general relativity, necessarily us leads to metaphysic because ontologically space-time is a metaphysical entity.  Thus, we arrive to the super substantivalism that from metaphysics gives an answer on space-time rigorously exact with the vision of Einstein on physics. The result is that matter is nothing since all is space-time, i.e. geometry, therefore is a imperative of the physical science break the current paradigm‎.

Abstract
Personality traits play an important role in customer brands selection with their own personality traits that are consistent with them and this consistence caused promotion brand loyalty and ultimately promotion brand equity. This study examines the adaptation of the customer personality and brand personality and the effect of it on Attitudinal and behavioural loyalty and brand equity in the mobile phone industry in Tehran. Sample of study is 400 actual and potential customers of Samsung mobile in Tehran. The results show that adoption of brand personality and personality traits improve attitude and behavioural loyalty brand and brand equity.