Published Articles Archive

Abstract
This paper suggested a mechanism for Electromagnetic Radiation (EM-R); the mechanism is based on the Flip-Flop (F-F) of combined Circular Magnetic Field (CMF) and Electric Field (EF) produced by energetic charged particles, the action released the EM-R; while as the F-F generates EM-R, it is also achieved within specific Flipping Time (tF), the inverse of which is the Flipping Frequency (fF), the model is compared with Maxwell’s two transformations to elaborate differences and characteristics, hence when EM-R is better understood, that will reflect on the physical world and related human ideas and philosophies.

Abstract
Loschmidt's number has played an important role in the development of science and technology and in the establishment of various standards. However, despite advances in the technological methods of estimating Loschmidt's number, the nature of its formation remains unknown. The information that lies in the nature of this constant can be useful for understanding the properties of a physical vacuum and the character of processes of the interaction of matter in this environment. Basing on time and experiment-tested the laws of molecular physics and thermodynamics, some features of the host medium of micro-particles involved in the formation of Loschmidt’s number were identified, describing its nature and the previously unknown phenomena of fundamental pressure of a Universe. The characteristics of various physical and chemical processes occurring in systems associated with a vacuum and the behavior of heavenly bodies are considered from the perspective of this phenomenon’s existence.

Abstract
This paper present a studies of magnetic multilayer structure and a key advantage of Molecular Beam Epitaxy preparation technique, and additional epitaxial over layers to study interlayer exchange coupling and the resulting reduction of growth induced defect are discussed.

Abstract
In this work, the performance of fusion reactor ITER90H-P with considering D–T and D-3He fuels are examined by writing the dynamics equations on the system reactor. Therefore, we solve these equations analytically in the steady state. In this state we determine the optimum conditions for achieving the maximum fusion gain .In addition, we ignore the impurities because we need to high performance points without impurities. Our calculations in this paper show that we have maximum fusion gain for DT and D-3He fusion reactions in steady state at resonance temperature Kev70 for D-T fusion reaction respectively .Their maximum values of fusion gain are equal to 6.01 for D-T fuel-andthe0.012 for D-3He, respectively. Therefore, currently, using D-3He as a fusion fuel is not recommended.

Abstract
Phosphorous passivation of the interface (4H-SiC/SiO2) improves interface trap density (Dit) from 1013 eV-1cm-2 to 2×1012eV-1cm-2 at 0.2eV  below the conduction band edge of 4H-SiC. Due to the formation of phosphosilicate glass (PSG) layer during P passivation, metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors (MOS-Cs) are highly unstable. Under bias-temperature stress (BTS) there is very large shift in the flatband voltage, VFB, (independent of the bias polarity) of MOS-Cs. In this paper we proposed a new method to improve the stability of these devices. The PSG layer formed after passivation is etched-off in buffered oxide etch (BOE) and then capped with deposited oxide. Devices fabricated with this process showed Dit of 4x1012eV-1cm-2, and are stable after BTS test performed at 150oC, +1.5MV/cm. This value of Dit is as good as the-state-of-the-art NO/N2O passivated MOS-C. Also, XPS indicated the presence of P at the interface after etching which explains “NO/N2O –like” Dit for etched PSG MOS-Cs.

Abstract
Light pollution can cause disturbance to humans as well as animals. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of light pollution on human's health, plants, animals, human body and People’s attitude about light pollution. About 90% of people strongly agreed that excessive lighting has adverse effects on a person's health. At least, 70% of people had difficulty in sleeping because of light pollution. Most of people believed that video Billboards, Spotlights, Car headlights and Street lights are the most important source of light pollution and about 60% of people agree that light pollution can affect animal’s sleep. 60% of people believed that excessive artificial light can attract several kinks of birds and insects. The results of this study indicate that the human health, plants growth and animal behaviour are strongly affected by the light pollution.‎

Abstract
Interest on the ultra-short laser has increased continually over the past decade. Scientists have an excellent power medical resource and the use of this resource will assist in the development of sustainable medical procedures. Scientists with its many technologies and significant medical range-might be expected to have considerable potential for treatment skin cancer. In this paper influences of the critical electron density and radiation intensity on the free-electron density for the ablation on the epidermis and dermis tissues are investigated. Our research work show existing of an inverse relationship between intensity radiations of laser pulsed and distance of focal spot with time dependent of free-electron density. This case is proper for skin cancer treatment. Also, our calculations for each medium (water and skin tissue)show that optimum time dependent  free electron density for dermis layer at angle 16˚ and 22˚ which is a function of wavelength, beam width, beam radius, amplitude of the beam radiation strength and pulse duration is  more than for epidermis layer.‎

Abstract
The Present  material is anti ferromagnetic and insulting while replacing  with alkaline earth atoms changes take place in symmetry and crystal structure. Ferromagnetic interaction for example increase with do pant concentration  and attains maximum at, beyond this level different type of antiferromagnetic interaction intra as well as inter-layer emerge which grown the overall magnetic behavior of the compound. We discuss semi covalent exchange interactions of four types. The nature of exchange viewed with the degree of overlap of the empty   level and the field  level. Then most interesting case is where exchange between  and  take place through hopping of holes levels from  to  via. At each site the mobile hole spin is parallel to the localized case spin at  and, thus, ferromagnetism is developed along  bonds. This double exchange is strong enough to suppress other exchange interactions. In this paper we are discuss the fundamental aspects of the double-exchange interaction, the impact of other important features like john-Teller effect, modulation of  bond length and angle through A-site substitution ,charge carrier transport dependence on A-site radius, orbital ordering among the   -  network etc. the colossal magneto resistance (CMR) phenomena arises due to several cause. The paper reviews various observed aspects related to CMR to contribute to latest understanding of its physics. Some experimental results are given to illustrate some aspects.‎

Abstract
Stau fusion catalyzed fusion proceeds inside the fuel mixture with a wide range of temperature considered. The purpose of this paper is to present a detailed calculation of Stau-atoms and molecules formation rates for different common fusion reactions and the obtained results are compared with each other. Because these formation rates are the most important parameters in the Stau catalyzed fusion method and values of them are directly related to energy production. Our obtained results show that, selection of fusion fuel in determination of formation rate parameter plays an important role. Also, the atom formation rate for ,, are is nearly 100 times greater than .‎

Abstract
Centre; size; shape; age and Creator of the Universe are some of the most basic questions puzzling the humankind since times immemorial. Direction of time dimension is uncertain. The quest for the basic constituent of the Universe is still on. No theory is able to explain Its governance mechanism. Through this article, a truthful effort made to put together the Universal laws, which govern the functioning of the Universe. It, not even Its smallest constituent, can neither be created nor destroyed. It has created Itself in a state of dynamic equilibrium. Life span and all Its dimensions range from minus infinity to plus infinity. Its every constituent is always unique and has life in it.  Physical forces as well as the Soul, the Desire, the Love and the Need forces have exert pressure to ‎continuously amend the future.‎ Summing up, the God is Universe and the Universe is God‎‎.

Abstract
Solid state thermal diffusion is not a common method of impurity doping in silicon carbide (SiC) device fabrication due to the extremely high temperatures required for such a process to occur. We have recently reported that solid state impurity doping by thermal diffusion in SiC is possible if there is a parallel mechanism, such as oxidation or silicidation that creates silicon or carbon vacancies, which then allows dopant impurities to diffuse into these vacancies. This paper describes the experimental procedures by which oxidation and silicidation can be used to generate vacancies and enhance impurity doping at temperatures below 1400 ºC‎.

Abstract
Gravity is the foundation of the current physical paradigm. Due to that gravity is strongly linked to the curvature of space-time, we research that it lacks of a valid physical concept of space-time, nevertheless that from the science philosophy, via substantivalism, it has tried respond. We found that is due to that the gnoseological process applied from the general relativity, necessarily us leads to metaphysic because ontologically space-time is a metaphysical entity.  Thus, we arrive to the super substantivalism that from metaphysics gives an answer on space-time rigorously exact with the vision of Einstein on physics. The result is that matter is nothing since all is space-time, i.e. geometry, therefore is a imperative of the physical science break the current paradigm‎.

Abstract
Space weather is very synonymous with the activities of our nearest star, the Sun. Recently; the space weather program has ‎stimulated interest in this issue. The main reason is due to the extreme climate change and towards to the solar maximum at the ‎beginning of 2013. It is believed that the Earth environment has a close connection with Sun activities, such as solar flares and ‎Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs). However, to prove it is not an easy way. The dynamism of the Sun also still is not easy to be ‎understood. To improve our understanding of the solar activities, a new experimental approach by 24 hours monitoring has been ‎done since 2007 by e-CALLISTO network. This work is a part of International of Space Weather Initiative Program (ISWI). As one ‎of equatorial country, Malaysia also could contribute in terms of a consistent 12 hours monitoring and one of the earliest sites that ‎observe the Sun every day. Here, we will highlight the role of our site, mechanism and implications of Sun activities to the Earth. It ‎is hoped to meet the current knowledge about the Sun with this new method of experimental approach‎‎.

Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) was identified in Malaysia in late September 1998 as the etiological agent of an outbreak of acute encephalitis with the high mortality rate in human. NiV polymerase gene (L) encodes RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) which is an enzyme required for viral replication. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of the N terminal of polymerase protein in replication of NiV. Based on the extensive deduced amino acid sequence analyses of a number of L proteins of non-segmented negative-strand (NNS) RNA viruses, a cluster of high-homology sequence segments have been identified within the body of the L proteins. The functional characterization of the NiV L polymerase was addressed in this research by generating a series of progressive N- deletions in the cloned gene and testing them in a minigenome assay. Five mutations that delete increasing amounts of the amino terminus of the L protein (20 amino acids) were generated at the amino-terminal. The ability of new recombinants plasmids in viral replication were tested by using minigenome system which is based on an intracellular and plasmid-based replication assay. This system contains an inserted chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene, for readout of the replication of the mini genome directed by wild type or mutant L protein. The results demonstrated that the first 100 amino acids of the NH2-terminal domain spanning a highly conserved motif are directly involved in transcription of the genome RNA. The possible functional significance of the NH2-terminal domain of paramyxovirus L protein is discussed.

Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been widely used in the field of pollutant degradation, virus ‎killer and environment protection. In this paper, the 8 nm TiO2 nanoparticles are first ‎synthesized by TiOSO4.2H2O precursor. The samples were then characterized by x-ray ‎diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis and Raman ‎scattering after heat treatments. The XRD results show the sharp picks of the samples after ‎annealing. The SEM results show that the size of nanoparticles is about 8 nm in diameter. ‎Finally Raman scattering pattern of the as-prepared TiO2 indicates the anatase phase

Abstract
Through a mental experiment, the mechanics’ theory, about of the relative motion, is reexamined because the vacuum, frame of the movement, has a physical reality, which allows test the absolute motion, by the Doppler Effect induced by means of a decelerator of photons, affecting an electromagnetic wave in the direction of the motion of an inertial system. This Doppler does not exist in the nature because the source of the electromagnetic wave is in rest respect to system. But, in each cycle, due to which the wave propagates inside the decelerator, the speed of the system combined with the speed of the wave, respect to vacuum, provokes the induced Doppler. The result is that an observer, inside an inertial system, fully insulated from the outside, may determine whether his system is in rest or in motion and measure its speed, in absolute terms.

Abstract
In all measurement methods, the back and forth motion of light in one-way speed theoretically used in two different assumptions first, when the speed of light is not constant and the second when the speed of light is constant. We measured the speed of light only in one-way direction and according to these measurements, found that the speed of light, does not behave as constant velocity and therefore the special theory of relativity and consequently constancy of the speed of light is not to be true.

Abstract
Indoor exposure arises from the soils from which the building stands and the building materials used for construction. This is because all building materials contain certain levels of natural radionuclides 238U, 232Th, and 40K. Limestone is the most commonly used building material in Kenya due to its availability and low cost. The limestone from Kitui South has not been mined to process for use but limestone mining and processing plants were being set by the time of this study. This study therefore aimed at evaluating the suitability of the limestone for use as a building material before its mining and processing begin. The activity concentrations of the limestone samples were determined and the radium equivalent, external hazard index, gamma activity index and alpha index evaluated. The results showed that the radium equivalent activity for all the samples was below the recommended limit of 370Bqkg-1 and all the radiation hazard indices were below a unit. Therefore, the limestone can be used as building material or for manufacture of building materials without any restrictions.

Abstract
Qualitative and quantitative interpretations of aeromagnetic map over part of the Southern Bida Basin, West-Central Nigeria have carried out using spectral analysis. The aeromagnetic maps digitized along flight lines of 2km interval. The qualitative interpretation of the magnetic anomaly and first vertical derivative maps revealed that the area is intensely faulted with major faults trending East-West (E-W) and minor ones Northeast-Southwest (NE-SW) directions. The result obtained using the spectral method reveals two depth sources in the area, the deeper sources range from 2.81 to 3.24km, while the shallower sources range from 0.45 to 1.49km.The result also shows a linear depression with sedimentary accumulation trending E-W. The average sedimentary thickness in the region is about 2.90km.

Abstract
In this paper, we described and simulated the generation of the blue pulse (460nm) by nonlinear KN(KNbO3) crystal , that pumped by femtosecond diode-pumped Cr:LiSAF lasers. Our simulation shows that, by focusing on laser oscillator output pulses with characteristics such as 860nm wavelength, 200fs,330MHz repetition rate 14o Pico joule( PJ) energy in KN crystal with 3mm length at 22 0C by 15 mm lens in less than 20-micrometer spot size with single-pass produce pulses with 42pJ energy,425fs, 30% optical efficiency and 1% total efficiency.