Published Articles Archive

Abstract
With the consideration of the light which carries the photon particles, the Lorentz transformation was constructed with an impressive mathematical approach. But the generalization of that equation for all the velocities of the universe is direct enforcement on other things not to travel faster than light. It has created serious issues in every scientific research that was done in the last century based on the special theory of relativity. This paper replaces the velocity of light with some other velocities and shows us the possible consequences and highlights the issues of special relativity. If I travel through my past or future and was able to see another me there, who would be the real Hamdoon I or the one I see there in the past or future! If the real one is only me, the one I saw, is not me, so, I could not travel through my or someone else's past or future. Therefore, no one can travel through time. If both of us are the same, can the key of personal identity be duplicated or be separated into two or more parts? These are some of the fundamental philosophical arguments that annihilate the concept of time travel which is one of the sequels of special relativity.

Abstract
The first climatic factors affecting the phenomenon of dust and fine dust are collected, reconstructed, extended and completed in the form of DSI (Dust Storm Index) and Lancaster in Mehrabad meteorological station of Tehran was studied and analyzed. The results showed that in Mehrabad meteorological station in terms of temperature in 1992 the lowest value and in 1998, 2001, 2017 the highest value and in terms of humidity in 2017 the lowest amount of humidity and in 2000 the highest amount of humidity and in terms of rainfall in the year 2013 the lowest amount of precipitation and in 2019 the highest amount of precipitation and in terms of evaporation in 2009 the lowest amount of evaporation and in 1391 the highest amount of evaporation and finally in terms of number of dust days in 1998 the lowest number of days and in 2009 the highest number of days Dust has been recorded. Mehrabad station of Tehran in years showed DSI index, more than one number and Lancaster index, more than fifty number in most of the mentioned years, the values of temperature and evaporation are high and the values of precipitation and humidity are relatively low, which shows the direct relationship between the dust storm index (DSI index) and mobility index of sand dunes (Lancaster index) is almost too high and above the number It is noteworthy that in most of the mentioned years, Meteorological factors and data have been at Mehrabad station in Tehran.

Abstract
As per Newtonian laws of motion and gravitation, the gravitational force of attraction governs all the planets of solar system. Here we discuss equilibrium of planets in which gravitational force represents one side and the magnetic hold the other side. The planet achieves equilibrium in the solar field at that point where its centrifugal (i.e., gravitational) force balances the magnetic hold of sun. The sun develops magnetic flux on the planet according to its surface area, magnetic content and rotational velocity. As per available data, calculations in this regard are in good agreement with the functions achieving rotational and orbital motions and equilibrium of planet, thus supporting our concept. Therefore, this theory provides the missing link explaining magnetic interaction with the centrifugal force of planet to achieve equilibrium, hold and motion.

Abstract
All kinds of waves occur for the disturbances in the quiet gravitational field. Different waves powered differently and propagated in the gravitational field. A black hole is the higher GFI (Gravitational Field Intensity) area. The rays do not possess, coming from a distant source when pass by the black holes, adequate strength to disturb in the higher GFI area of the black holes. Naturally, the rays take on a curve path as the provision in a circular area depends on the radius (distance), keeping distance according to the lower GFI area around the black holes’ centre.

Abstract
The discovery of extrasolar planets outside our solar system and around other stars is now well underway. In the presented paper, calculations of some physical properties for confirmed exoplanets have been done. We have estimated physical properties such as the semi-major axis for potentially habitable exoplanets, the mass of planets by applying Kepler's third law around the mass of solar, Jupiter, and Earth-mass, stellar luminosity, habitability zone for the inner center and outer regions, radial velocity amplitude, planetary equilibrium temperature (PET) or effective radiation emission temperature and planet density. The mass-radius (MR) relationship of planets was investigated for potentially habitable exoplanets of three different groups of extrasolar planets: Subterran (Mars-size), Terran (Earth-size), and Superterran (Super-Earths or Mini-Neptunes); introduced in PHL, and found well coefficient values for each group. The minimum and maximum values for the mass and radius of exoplanets have been selected mass between  0.1 to10 Earth mass, radius between 0.4 to 2.5 Earth radius. The same MR relationship has also estimated the same properties for a larger number of confirmed exoplanets with a mass and radius of mass between  0.1 to100 Earth mass and radius between 0.4 to 15 Earth radius, respectively, resulting their classification within 7 groups of mass and radius, with good coefficient values for each group. This is a new, possible cataloging that may need more effort for concluding a better understanding of the properties and varieties of the exoplanets.

Abstract
Einstein has kept time as the dimension of the space-time continuum that is supposed to be a fundamental arena of the universe. Our research confirms time is the duration of changes, i.e., motion run in the time-invariant universal space that has Euclidean shape, it is infinite. Black holes in the centre of galaxies are rejuvenating systems of the universe. In these black holes old matter is transforming back into the fresh energy of elementary that AGNs are throwing in the intergalactic space in the form of huge jests. These jets are fresh material for new star formation. The universal process of continuous rejuvenation is eternal.

Abstract
The celestial bodies like the sun, stars, etc., are the owner of higher gravitational field intensity areas and the source of various kinds of waves. Waves rush from higher gravitational field intensity areas like the sun to lower gravitational field intensity areas like the earth. This paper, finding out that the wave exchanges some force during traveling from the sun to the ground. Every wave has a frequency and each frequency of a wave has two parts, crest and trough and both together is a complete single frequency.

Abstract
Based on Dirac’s negative energy, we propose and study the negative matter. Bondi’s results are wrong. First, the negative matter can be the simplest model of unified dark matter and dark energy. Next, we discuss various possible theories of the negative matter: some field equations, similar electrodynamics, field equations with non-symmetry, etc. Third, the quantum theory of negative matter is researched. Matter surrounded by dark-negative matter corresponds to an infinitely deep potential trap in quantum mechanics and forms a base of the universal wave-particle duality and quantum mechanics. Fourth, we propose the mechanism of inflation as the origin of positive-negative matters created from nothing. Fifth, assume that dark matter is completely the negative matter, and we may calculate an evolutional ratio between total matter and usual matter from 1 of inflation and the radiation-dominated universe to 7.88 of the present matter-dominated universe. It agrees with the observed value 6.36~7. Sixth, we research the relativity of the negative matter and theory in Lobachevskian geometry. Seventh, we propose a judgment test of the negative matter as dark matter is opposite repulsive lensing and other eight possible tests. Eighty, we propose a figure on the unification of the four basic interactions in three-dimensional space, in which the “running” coupling
constants of strong and weak interactions transform each other. The negative matter as a candidate of unification of dark matter and dark energy is not only the simplest, and may explain inflation and be calculated and tested.

Abstract
This paper starts with the most basic concept of heat as well as temperature, historically investigates the understanding of the nature of heat, the conclusion is that the nature of heat is just a form of energy. This energy includes the zero-point energy providing by the motion of all subatomic particles. The new definition of temperature should be that it is the degree of matter’s motion. These matters include subatomic particles. Therefore, at the absolute zero, the “temperature” should still exist. On accounting of no subatomic particles’ motion in the singularity of the black hole, I proved that there exists a new absolute zero temperature there, which is lower than the existing one. The theory proposed in this paper can be supported by following means: measuring the temperature inside the black hole, letting electrons stop moving, and designing a Casimir vacuum pump.

Abstract
In bijective modelling, the physical reality is represented by the set X, the model of physical reality by the set Y. Every element in the set X has exactly one correspondent element in the set Y. Set X and set Y are related by the bijective function. Bijective modelling is confirming that time is the duration of given system entropy increasing in time-invariant space.

Abstract
The paper presents the experimental results on how the tube bore of copper bromide laser influence the gain radial distribution. A pair of copper bromide lasers in an oscillator- amplifier configuration was operated to measure and compare the small-signal gains of different laser tube bores. The gain radial distributions were measured in different size of amplifier tube bores. It was shown that, by changing of the amplifier tube bore, the gain radial distribution was changed, similar to that of temperature profile, but the average of radial gains through cross-section are the same in different laser tube bores.

Abstract
First, we emphasize that preconditions of entropy increase are 1) for isolated systems; 2) various internal interactions in system must be neglected; 3) they must be thermal equilibrium processes. We proposed possible entropy decrease due to fluctuation magnified and internal interactions in isolated systems, and research various possible entropy decreases in physics, which include phase transformation from disorder uniformity to order state. Next, the solidification forms spontaneously an order structure, and it may be process of entropy decrease. Third, we propose that entropy decrease exists necessarily in self-assembly as isolated system. Fourth, we discuss the molecular motor and entropy decreases in biology. Fifth, we research entropy decrease in astronomy and propose quantitatively a total formula of entropy change for universal evolution of any natural and social systems. As long as we break through the bondage of the second law of thermodynamics, the rich and complex world is full of examples of entropy decrease.

Abstract
We are familiar with wave – water wave in pond, river, sea, sound wave in the air, the light wave, the infrared wave comes from the sun to the earth. Water waves arise for the disruption in the area of water. In the air, sound waves occur for some disorder. The gravitational field is surrounded everywhere in the universe. Light waves, infrared waves, radio waves are the cause of disruption in the gravitational field. Surges of seawater bear more power than river water because of the density of sea waterheavy than river water. Light waves and others of the sun carries more force than earth because the gravitational field intensity of the sun is higher than the ground. In this paper, we will study the cause of why the nature phenomena of waves such as light disturbs in the gravitational field.

Abstract
Nickel Titanium alloys have proved to be a perfect choice for materials used for medical devices like catheters, pacemakers and stone removal mesh. However, there are some challenges related to the shape and size modifications required to suffice the applications. The alloy needs improvements particularly in the areas of porosity for bone replacement, radiopacity, super elasticity and fatigue strength. There is a wide range of applications of biocompatible Porous NiTi alloys in the areas of inter body fusion devices, synthetic bone grafting, etc. Although it cannot be denied of the possibility of high corrosion factor of Porous NiTi alloys as compared to solid NiTinol due to greater surface area in contact with the body fluids. Such cases include definite surface preparation to cater to the need for increased biocompatibility. This paper includes the synthesis of porous NiTi alloys through the sintering process along with a check of the surface treatments and its effects on the properties related to corrosion of Porous NiTinol. The Alloys were subjected to different treatments like dry heating, boiling in water and passivation. The corrosion resistance, after and before the treatments were evaluated.

Abstract
In the present paper, we attempt to explain what we really do not know or understand. For this, we assume to accept approaches that go against reason and common sense. We will try to give a view, about inaccuracy arguments state that the gravity force associated with mass, is caused by the deformation of the space adjacent to it. To move from the real world to the world of fantasy, we only needed to support the misconception of the time dilation in the fallacy of the space deformation. We will use this paper to expose some writings that contribute to masking logical reasoning.

Abstract
Casimir vacuum has many peculiar properties, e.g. the speed of light can exceed c. This paper investigated the behavior of gas molecules in Casimir vacuum. Analysis and calculation indicate that we can get a new absolute zero in Casimir vacuum. This is due to the Hamiltonian, which equals the kinetic energy of the ensemble of gas molecules that is reduced in Casimir vacuum; therefore, the gas constant R is changed. This conclusion has great significance for the research of the vacuum properties.

Abstract
The Von Neumann entropy plays a central role in the quantum information theory and is a concave function and following the property  . In this paper, we introduce a new proof for the linearity of Von Neumann entropy in the rate without using the above inequality. Here the Von Neumann entropy is concave; that is, given weights   and density matrices . Roughly speaking, we will show that in the rate case, the Von Neumann entropy is linear without using Fannes inequality.

Abstract
There are different approaches for investigating the force as well as the gravity. Newton emphasized the mathematical meaning of gravity. Einstein’s gravity is geometry. The physical exploring for the gravity is still on the way. Le Sage investigated the nature of gravity, but his theory has many defects. This paper gives out a physical chemistry approach for the nature of force, which bases on gravitons’ reaction by introducing the concepts of Gibbs free energy change and holographic screen. The change of the Gibbs free energy results in the imbalance on the two sides of the holographic screen, it is the force. The change of force as the distance depends on the distribution of gravitons. For solar system, the graviton gas distributes in center-radical pattern, so the inverse-square law is applicable. But in the galaxies, the distribution of the graviton gas is not in center-radical, therefore the acceleration is just inversely proportional to the distance (not square of distance), which is equivalent to the centripetal force. The flatness of rotation curve can be explained without dark matter.

Abstract
In this paper, the gravitational analog of Bohr’s theory for the Solar System is presented by deriving explicit expressions for the gravitational analog of Bohr’s quantum condition on angular momentum of a secondary (planet or satellite) revolving around its primary (the Sun or a planet) and Planck’s constant , in terms of known physical quantities of the System (the Solar or a Satellite System). The correspondence principle connecting atomic theory and gravitational theory is stated. It turns out that the ground state orbit of an electron in an atom corresponds to the Roche limit of the primary (defined in the text) in the gravitational case. The gravitational Planck’s constant  when taken into atomic scale via the Correspondence principle gives an expression for the Planck’s constant of the atomic scale. It has shown here that a one-to-one correspondence exists between the Planetary Distance Law and the Electron Orbital Distance Law.

Abstract
In this work, a copper bromide laser with an active medium length of 58 cm and an inner diameter of 20 mm designed and constructed. He and Ne used as buffer gases. The effect of reservoir temperature, He and Ne buffer gas pressure, frequency and electrical input power on the output power investigated. The result of experiments shows that an optimum laser efficiency obtained at the electrical input power of 2.1kW and corresponding operational temperature of 510 oC. The maximum output powers, 4 and 6 W, with use of He and Ne buffer gases, were determined at pressures 11 and 24 torr, respectively.