Published Articles Archive

Abstract
A total of 56 samples of raw building materials (26 rocks and 30 sand samples) each weighing 500g were randomly sampled along the riverine for the alternate rainy and dry seasons. Gamma-ray spectrometric analysis of rocks sampled during the rainy season reports an average activity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K of 22±1.1 BqKg-1, 46±2.3 BqKg-1, and 659±33 BqKg-1 respectively, while the sand collected during the same season revealed a mean activity of 27±1.4 BqKg-1, 49±2.5 BqKg-1and 824±41 BqKg-1 for 226Ra, 232Th and 40K respectively. A repeat study during dry season reported higher activities for 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K for most samples. The corresponding dose rates and radiological indices estimated from specific activities of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K showed an upward trend as seasons changed from rainy to dry. However, both seasons reported radiation doses below the permissible limits

Abstract
Palchoudhury gas theory is capable of describing the function of a heat engine. We can measure the capacity of a heat engine in two ways. 1) The product of pressure and inner surface area 2) The outcome of the gas constant, number of moles, the outer surface area of gas and temperature.

Abstract
This paper is discussing how and where imaginary numbers came to be and how their extension to our classic number line helped mathematics to grow even faster. We talk about the beginning of imaginary numbers and the set of rules that come with them. We show how an error that occurred in an equation started the discovery of these. These numbers also help us achieve a better perspective towards the parabolas we see every day. At the end, you can see how these new numbers found the perfect place on the number line and fit in well with different categories we all know.

Abstract
Some innovative diagram for the optimum parameters in operation of a sealed CW CO2 laser was extracted by using the evolutionary genetic algorithm. By picking up an optimum value for the cavity stability parameter, geometrical factor (g), the optimum value of other parameters such as tube diameter, tube length and the coupler transmission, are resulted by these optimum
diagram.

Abstract
Marls with badland, waterway, torrent, surface, rill, gully, rock and tunnel erosion, as the most sensitive lithology against erosion
and weathering, have a major role in the sedimentation of watersheds. Marls of Iran based on minerals solvability are divided
into two types: Evaporative and non-evaporative which have Special features and have been distributed in Tehran province.
Formations and units of geology are important in sediments production and distribution marl units. In Tehran province, from the
geological point of view, there is a combination of Alborz and Central Iran sedimentary units that based on maps geology
information, on a scale of 1: 100000 and 1:250000 such as Tehran, Semnan, Amol, Ghazvin-Rasht, Marzanabad (Chalus) the
geology formations and units exist often. There isn’t any gap in geology maps. Often marl geology formation and units such as
Karaj, Ziarat, upper red and under red formation, are Cenozoic age and has been distributed in Tehran province North. Based on
studies and this research geology marl Formations and units have been effective about percent 10 on sediment production and
quaternary distribution in Tehran province

Abstract
In this paper, we intended to understand why and how the Lorentz transformations act. Knowing the structure of formula will help us to consider more about the fallacy of time dilation. Here, we will show that the space occupied by an object is not lengthened, but it is as a consequence of reference system motion respect to the object.

Abstract
In this paper, we present the chain of errors that have been committed to accept the utopia of time dilation. This chain of errors begins accepting as true some false premises. Starting from these false premises, errors of interpretation of reality are triggered, which lead to incorrect conclusions.

Abstract
The Palchoudhury gas theory and Palchoudhury gas equation have a profound potency applicable to all phenomena of gases. Inner and covered outer surface area of molecules are the outstanding inventions related to gas behaviour. The exertion of infrared wave force on the covered outer surface area of tiny particles and the corresponding effect on the inner surface of a gas container is the real cause of the gas behaviour. We can independently explain all kind of behaviour of gases with the help of the conception the inner force and internal force. We can clarify about the isothermal and adiabatic behaviour of gases, show the relation between heat and force. It is most significant finding, the specific heat of an identical gas in the isochoric and the isobaric process is not different but same as the inner force in both methods is same.

Abstract
In this paper, effect of the pulsed CO2 laser irradiation on optical properties and surface morphology of PMMA was investigated. The samples were irradiated by a CO2 pulsed laser with the wavelength of 9.55 micron and the pulse duration of about 100 ns. UV-Visible spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used for investigating the change in absorption, reflection, refractive index and surface morphology, respectively.

Abstract
Several new experimental findings have shown that atomic nuclei cannot have similar structure of that adopted in the Standard Nuclear Physics (SNP), because there are insurmountable obstacles to be transposed. Nuclear theorists have tried to explain some of the misfires with bizarre theories, but there is a failure impossible to be explained by any theoretical attempt, and such failure impossible to be solved represents the definitive proof that SNP works through wrong foundations. The failure comes from the excited isotopes carbon-12, oxygen-16, argon-36, calcium-40, and calcium-42. All them with spin 2, have null magnetic moments, but this is impossible, because it’s any combination of spins from which those excited isotopes, with spin 2, may have null magnetic moment, if we try to explain it with any of the current nuclear models of the SNP. And the unavoidable conclusion is that it’s impossible to eliminate the inconsistences of the SNP by keeping its current fundamental premises.

Abstract
The atom model of Quantum Mechanics (QM) was conceived from an unsolved paradox. Indeed, Schrödinger’s equation has been deducted by considering a free electron, but it is applied for the atom, where the electron is inside a potential. In order to eliminate the nonsense, quantum theorists proposed a ridiculous postulate: they claim it makes sense to use the equation because it gives results in agreement to experimental data. The unsolved paradox evidences that Schrödinger’s equation cannot be applied to the physical conditions considered in the QM atom model, and that his equation actually requires some special conditions not considered in the theory (for instance, the electron helical trajectory, rejected by Heisenberg). The banishment of the aether has introduced several paradoxes in the development of Theoretical Physics. And because the theorists have neglected other paradox (from the mathematical probability the spectacular successes of Bohr’s hydrogen atom cannot be accidental), these two unsolved paradoxes introduced dramatic consequences in the development of Nuclear Physics.

Abstract
Another published paper of the author proposes that proton and neutron radii have contraction inside the atomic nuclei, generating a discrepancy of 8s between the neutron lifetime measured in beam and bottle experiments. According to the present theory, the neutron radius in beam experiments dilates from 0.26fm up to 0.87fm during the initial 8s, after which begins the process of decay. The present paper proposes a new neutron model with quark structure d(u-e-u), with an electron sandwiched between two up quarks. It reproduces very well all neutron properties, as for instance the radial charge distribution, impossible to be reproduced considering the current quark model ddu. So, the radial charge distribution of neutrons (obtained from beam experiments, if measured in the first initial 8 seconds of their lifetime) has to exhibit a curve a little different of that measured in 2007 in the Jefferson Lab. Here is proposed to JLab to repeat the experiment under such new condition.

Abstract
In this study, at the first step, the hydrographic net of province rivers were provided based on topography map (1:25000 scale) and hydrographic net from Tamab Iran (Company of Iranian Water Recourses Engineering). Based on these definitions, whole of Tehran province area was divided to 25 different areas. In this study, the areas comprises 415 streams, and in difference distances the complications e.g. bridge, terraces, diversion dam, floor dam, slop breaker, dike, epi, height of structures location, area of structures and impure slop in structures were evaluated in term of quality and quantity. Their conditions were presented in 25 area in our study area followed by tables and related descriptions. The results showed that maximum and minimum abundance were bridge (715 cases) and dike (6 cases), respectively. Eventually, with the implementation of this research, the quantity and quality of structures such as bridge, terraces, diversion dam, floor dam, slop breaker, dike, epi, height of structures location, in the watershed basins of Tehran, Damavand, Bileghan, Delichai, Jajrood Astalak, Varangerood and Lar are determined.

Abstract
In current study, at the first step, the hydrographic net of province rivers were provided based on topography map and hydrographic net from Tamab Company of Iran. Based on these definitions, whole of Tehran province area was divided to 5 different areas . Based on these definitions, whole of Tehran province area was divided to 25 different areas. In this study, the areas comprises 415 streams, and long in about 3038 part that 55.5% area had low sensitive to erosion, 49.82 % area had moderate to erosion and 44.63% area had high sensitive to erosion. Based on geological study (Alluvial- Stone), 64.72% of area was categorized in alluvial class and 35.28% area was categorized in stone class. Based on sediments density, 26.61% area ranked in low density class, 17.05% area was ranked in moderate density class and finally 57.34% area was ranked in high density class. Finally, it in view of bed- marginal erosion, about 63.9% was grouped in marginal erosion class and about 36.10% was grouped in bed erosion class.

Abstract
Some halide lasers tubes with different volume were used to investigate the geometrical dependence of the output power of laser. An optimum length-to-bore ratio of about 30 was obtained, which gives maximum average output power of halide lasers. The relationship between maximum average output power and geometrical factors of lasers were deduced and compared by than that of copper vapour lasers. So, the straightforward relation was obtained for designing of halide lasers tubes.

Abstract
In this article, we asked about the validity of the results obtained using atomic clocks, when trying to contrast the idea of the Time Dilation. As we will try to demonstrate, the idea of time dilation is a utopia that appears by a misinterpretation of a Thought experiments. However, physical experiments performed with great precision, using atomic clocks, are interpreted as the occurrence of such fallacy. What if we are wrong? Do these physical experiments serve to corroborate the idea of time dilation?

Abstract
The boundary value problems arise from many fields of applied mathematics and physics. Various applications of boundary value problems to applied mathematical sciences are well documented in the literature. In this paper, I study the solutions for a class of (p,q) Laplacian system. Using the fixed point theorems in cones the existence of positive solutions is proved. Sufficient conditions are provided under which this system has solution.

Abstract
This is the most important, first time, the internal force of gases is measurable. The internal force of the gases in the gas container, as well as the atmosphere of the earth and other celestial bodies, can be measured. The internal force has a significant role in the behaviour of the gases as in the gas container as well as the atmosphere of the earth and other celestial bodies. Internal force may help to assume the most accurate weather reporting.

Abstract
In recent years, boundary value problem of second-order have received a lot of attention. In this paper, I study the existence of
positive solutions for a class of p-Laplacian boundary value problem at infinity. The fixed point theorems in cones is the our
main tools to prove the existence of solutions. I provide sufficient conditions under which this system has solution. I establish
some propositions to prove the existence of positive solutions for these equations.

Abstract
The activity concentrations of 238U, 232Th and 40K have been determined for product (urea) samples collected from the Chittagong Urea Fertilizer Limited (CUFL) and Jamuna Fertilizer Company Limited. The different kinds of sample were analyzed by using a calibrated high purity germanium (HPGe) detector of relative efficiency of 38%. For solid samples, the mean activity concentrations of 238U, 232Th and 40K have been found 78.67±2.87, 59.74±2.27 and 463.71±9.16 Bq/Kg, respectively. The mean activity concentrations of product samples for the corresponding radionuclide were 73.12±2.83, 74.59±2.32 and 391.58±9.38 Bq/Kg, respectively. The artificial radionuclide 137Cs has not been detected in any of the samples. The obtained results of this study show that for some samples the values are lower and for the remaining are higher than the World average values. The mean representative index value is less than unity which confirms that the area is safe for the factory workers and the public nearby.