Published Articles Archive

Abstract
This paper aims to point out that a wave function is a description of a quantum spatiotemporal ‎entanglement and the ‎transformation between time and space. In any quantum mechanical ‎representation, the real part of the wave function ‎represents the space wave and the imaginary ‎part represents the time wave, and they are the space-time itself. Timewave is ‎not limited by ‎space and dominates the nonlocality and integrity of a quantum. Matter-wave is a four-dimensional space-time ‎wave, and the basic unit of vacuum is a four-dimensional space-time ‎element stationary relative to the observer. The essence ‎of quantum measurement or interaction is ‎that a conjugate condensation equivalent to that determined by inner product ‎operation occurs ‎between Space-time waves. Particle property is only the localization effect of quantum global ‎collapse when ‎quantum position measurement or equivalent interaction is made.‎

Abstract
Assuming an energy density of the cosmological constant in Quantum Field Theory, we propose a simple mathematical solution to the cosmological constant problem, i.e. the disagreement of the order of a factor 10122 between the theoretical and the measured value of the vacuum energy density. We try to give a non-exclusive route for our solution to make physical sense.

Abstract
HD 158259 (or HIP 85268) is one of the members of the main sequence in G0 group stars located approximately at 88 ‎light-years away in the constellation Draco, discussed with respect to the solar system. HD 158259 was discovered by the ‎SOPHIE échelle spectrograph using the radial velocity method. This system includes five confirmed planets orbiting HD ‎‎158259, together with one unconfirmed planet. The planets orbit in a near 2/3 (or 3:2) orbital resonance. Starting from the innermost pairing, the period ratios are with the period ratios ‎‎1.5757, 1.5146, 1.5296, 1.5128, and 1.4482, respectively, starting from the innermost pairing. Here we theoretically investigate the HD ‎‎158259 system for the Semi-major axis, planet's mass, star luminosity, ‎ inner,‎ ‏ ‏center, outer, and ∆(HZ) habitable zone. We account for radial ‎velocity amplitude, planet density, and Laplace’s resonance, theoretically. The existing possibility of the sixth and undetected ‎planet (HD 158259 g) was also investigated. The orbital period and semi-major axis of this planet, computed with 0.047726 years (17.420 ‎days) and 0.135 AU respectively, with ????2 = 0.9964. The radial velocity amplitude of this new and undetected planet was ‎computed to be about 1.625 km/s. The mass of planets in terms of Solar, Jupiter, and Earth have shown direct direct proportional ‎relation with an approximate
increase in their semi-major axis. The lowest mass is closest to the star and the highest mass is farthest from the star. We compare
the habitability zone to that of NASA, Kopparapu et.al, and the original Kopparapu estimate. The application of the relative
mean motion ration (RMMR) for resonance in the triads of successive planets showed that the mode of RMMR is approximately
2/3 (or 3:2) orbital resonance, with the calculated period ratios shown above. we have also calculated the planetary equilibrium temperature (PET) in terms of the size, temperature, Albedo and distance planet to its parent star.

Abstract
Electric power is an indispensable consumer commodity for a little over a century now as all electric equipment in dwellings, commercial, and industry sectors are essentially dependent on electricity. Heat recovery steam generator, HRSG is an important system in combined cycle power plants. Indeed, excess vibrations induced on such devices may gradually lead to fatigue failure that affect the process of power output. This work investigates, models, and simulates the vibrations response of a fluid carrier pipe housed inside the cavity of the system while experiencing highly pressurized nearly perpendicular external force of extremely hot flue gas on the outside and pressurized water and water vapour from the inside. Transient and steady-state vibrations from initial conditions and the forcing function analysis are performed to account for the variation of damping, amplitude, and frequency responses of the system. Initial parameters used in the systems’ model are from industry subsequent to the OEM instructions. However, we introduce a new set of parameter values so as to observe the vibrational behaviour by varying these parameters. The purpose of performing a parameter-based vibration analysis is that parameter variation may point to different responses in the system. Indeed, this in turn indicates which set of parameters are suitable for rectifying the primary causes of undesired vibrations. To account for the consequence of mass flowrate, the model covers low pressure, intermediate pressure, and high-pressure constituents. The results obtained from the model are for the relationships of amplitude and phase angle as functions of frequency of the system. From these data, different interactions of quantities such as force, damping ratio, and number of dampers and vibration supports are observed. These results implores the implementation of new set of parameters to improve the agility of the system and minimize the impact of excess vibrations.

Abstract
In this study, according to the objectives and implementation method, climatic factors affecting ‎the dust phenomenon in active meteorological stations in Tehran province for a period of 30 years ‎were studied and analyzed. The results showed that in Mehrabad meteorological station, ‎temperature, humidity, rainfall, evaporation factors were directly related to DSI indices, wind ‎trend and dust storm changes, Lancaster, wind and storm diagrams, SPEI and the increase of ‎drought indices in the statistical period increased with temperature, evaporation and decrease. ‎Rainfall and humidity are proportional. DSI dust storm indexes were compared to 1 and ‎Lancaster drought index was compared to 50 and SPEI index was compared positively and ‎negatively in different years of the statistical period in the region and was classified in terms of ‎drought and wet season. The results of monthly and annual changes in wind trend and dust ‎storms showed that the region has no wind in all months and seasons with a speed of more than ‎‎20 meters per second. In terms of wind speed and frequency percentage, the highest wind speed ‎was related to late May and early June, and the lowest wind speed was related to late December ‎and early January. In addition, according to the changes in the wind trend and the documents of the ‎winds and thunderstorms, the prevailing wind direction in the region was from the west.‎

Abstract
This work analyses the dynamic response of Tension Leg Platform, TLP under sea wave induced forces with the aid of fluid dynamics modified Morison equation, single degree of freedom mass spring damper theory, and the Runge-Kutta ode45. Specifically, we employ the modified Morison equation to calculate the sea wave forces acting on a cylinder hull of the TLP. Two types of sea wave characteristics are analysed including sea waves in the South China Sea to compute the waves loading on the hull. Evaluated results are incorporated into the equation of motion of the platform, modeled as a single degree of freedom mass-spring-damper system to obtain the platform displacement at x-axis direction. The results showed that the dynamic response of the platform under the influence of sea wave A exhibits a displacement of 0.02 m in the direction of wave propagation parallel to the x-axis of the platform. Meanwhile, sea wave B manifests a magnitude at least twenty times larger compared to sea wave A, resulting in 0.5 m displacement in the same axis direction. We further examine the consequence of velocity profile of sea waves on displacement and time taken for a complete vibrational cycle. A parameter-fed CFD simulation with Star-CCM+ shows clear dynamic response of the TLP when acted upon by sea wave A. Obtained results indicate the importance of materials selection for construction of the hull tendons based on the motion of the hull and gives a fair estimate for cyclic loading on the tendons throughout the life cycle of the platform.

Abstract
In this paper, we will calculate an integrating factor, first integral, and reduce the order of the non-Linear second-order ODEs , through the λ-symmetry method. Moreover, we compute an integrating factor, first integral and reduce the order for particular cases of this equation.

Abstract
The Lie symmetry group of the Zabolotskaya-Khokhlov equation has been seriously studied, earlier than this. Eventually, it has been endowed with a general model by N.J.C. Ndogmo, in 2008. This research is devoted to introducing the algebra, the group, and the reductions of a new symmetry which is an exception of that model.

Abstract
Einstein's famous equation, revolutionized the theory of physics and introduced new perspectives to the study of energy and mass. However, a close consideration of its principles raises essential concerns on the equitability of mass and energy as well as other phenomena like the speed of light. The unavoidable scientific claim of this paper is that the total energy of matter depends on its internal and external energies, which are accounted for by kinetic and potential energies. In the current work, thought experiments reveal important additions to this idea regarding the apparent effects of external energy on the nature of matter and particles. This paper employs detailed thought experiments and theoretical discussions to identify and address several notable inconsistencies related to the energy and mass equation based on previous works in physics. The relative external energy of an object will be influenced by the position of the observer. The outcomes of the experiments presented herein also provide key insights into the constancy of the internal energy of all matter and particles. Generally, this paper provides an important basis for analyzing the theory underlying the physics of energy and mass, addressing questionable ideas that are common but poorly substantiated and providing a new understanding of the nature of mass and energy that lays the foundations for further research in this area by projecting the difference between them.

Abstract
With the consideration of the light which carries the photon particles, the Lorentz transformation was constructed with an impressive mathematical approach. But the generalization of that equation for all the velocities of the universe is direct enforcement on other things not to travel faster than light. It has created serious issues in every scientific research that was done in the last century based on the special theory of relativity. This paper replaces the velocity of light with some other velocities and shows us the possible consequences and highlights the issues of special relativity. If I travel through my past or future and was able to see another me there, who would be the real Hamdoon I or the one I see there in the past or future! If the real one is only me, the one I saw, is not me, so, I could not travel through my or someone else's past or future. Therefore, no one can travel through time. If both of us are the same, can the key of personal identity be duplicated or be separated into two or more parts? These are some of the fundamental philosophical arguments that annihilate the concept of time travel which is one of the sequels of special relativity.

Abstract
The first climatic factors affecting the phenomenon of dust and fine dust are collected, reconstructed, extended and completed in the form of DSI (Dust Storm Index) and Lancaster in Mehrabad meteorological station of Tehran was studied and analyzed. The results showed that in Mehrabad meteorological station in terms of temperature in 1992 the lowest value and in 1998, 2001, 2017 the highest value and in terms of humidity in 2017 the lowest amount of humidity and in 2000 the highest amount of humidity and in terms of rainfall in the year 2013 the lowest amount of precipitation and in 2019 the highest amount of precipitation and in terms of evaporation in 2009 the lowest amount of evaporation and in 1391 the highest amount of evaporation and finally in terms of number of dust days in 1998 the lowest number of days and in 2009 the highest number of days Dust has been recorded. Mehrabad station of Tehran in years showed DSI index, more than one number and Lancaster index, more than fifty number in most of the mentioned years, the values of temperature and evaporation are high and the values of precipitation and humidity are relatively low, which shows the direct relationship between the dust storm index (DSI index) and mobility index of sand dunes (Lancaster index) is almost too high and above the number It is noteworthy that in most of the mentioned years, Meteorological factors and data have been at Mehrabad station in Tehran.

Abstract
As per Newtonian laws of motion and gravitation, the gravitational force of attraction governs all the planets of solar system. Here we discuss equilibrium of planets in which gravitational force represents one side and the magnetic hold the other side. The planet achieves equilibrium in the solar field at that point where its centrifugal (i.e., gravitational) force balances the magnetic hold of sun. The sun develops magnetic flux on the planet according to its surface area, magnetic content and rotational velocity. As per available data, calculations in this regard are in good agreement with the functions achieving rotational and orbital motions and equilibrium of planet, thus supporting our concept. Therefore, this theory provides the missing link explaining magnetic interaction with the centrifugal force of planet to achieve equilibrium, hold and motion.

Abstract
All kinds of waves occur for the disturbances in the quiet gravitational field. Different waves powered differently and propagated in the gravitational field. A black hole is the higher GFI (Gravitational Field Intensity) area. The rays do not possess, coming from a distant source when pass by the black holes, adequate strength to disturb in the higher GFI area of the black holes. Naturally, the rays take on a curve path as the provision in a circular area depends on the radius (distance), keeping distance according to the lower GFI area around the black holes’ centre.

Abstract
The discovery of extrasolar planets outside our solar system and around other stars is now well underway. In the presented paper, calculations of some physical properties for confirmed exoplanets have been done. We have estimated physical properties such as the semi-major axis for potentially habitable exoplanets, the mass of planets by applying Kepler's third law around the mass of solar, Jupiter, and Earth-mass, stellar luminosity, habitability zone for the inner center and outer regions, radial velocity amplitude, planetary equilibrium temperature (PET) or effective radiation emission temperature and planet density. The mass-radius (MR) relationship of planets was investigated for potentially habitable exoplanets of three different groups of extrasolar planets: Subterran (Mars-size), Terran (Earth-size), and Superterran (Super-Earths or Mini-Neptunes); introduced in PHL, and found well coefficient values for each group. The minimum and maximum values for the mass and radius of exoplanets have been selected mass between  0.1 to10 Earth mass, radius between 0.4 to 2.5 Earth radius. The same MR relationship has also estimated the same properties for a larger number of confirmed exoplanets with a mass and radius of mass between  0.1 to100 Earth mass and radius between 0.4 to 15 Earth radius, respectively, resulting their classification within 7 groups of mass and radius, with good coefficient values for each group. This is a new, possible cataloging that may need more effort for concluding a better understanding of the properties and varieties of the exoplanets.

Abstract
Einstein has kept time as the dimension of the space-time continuum that is supposed to be a fundamental arena of the universe. Our research confirms time is the duration of changes, i.e., motion run in the time-invariant universal space that has Euclidean shape, it is infinite. Black holes in the centre of galaxies are rejuvenating systems of the universe. In these black holes old matter is transforming back into the fresh energy of elementary that AGNs are throwing in the intergalactic space in the form of huge jests. These jets are fresh material for new star formation. The universal process of continuous rejuvenation is eternal.

Abstract
In 2015, after the discovery of Kepler-186f, the fifth exoplanet in orbit of its star, Kepler-186, we investigated for three new undetected planets in the Kepler-186 system [1]. Of the planets which are owned by the Kepler-186, the first Earth-like planet and far from its star is Kepler-186f. Considering the order of these five discovered planets, there is a strong possibility for the existence of three new and undetected planets. Theoretically, we have recognized these three new planets locating before and after Kepler-186f. The first two new planets, orbit in the gap between Kepler-186e and Kepler-186f, and are called Kepler-186e(X1) and Kepler-186e(X2) respectively. The third planet also orbits in the exterior region of Kepler-186f is called Kepler-186f(X1). Now, after 6 years, we have reinvestigated these findings using the new information and data available.

Abstract
One of the most important geotechnical issues is the stabilization and deep excavation of the city, which many research has been done about it., especially in recent decades. One thing that adds to the complexity and challenge of such projects is the existence of cavities and empty spaces in the vicinity of the excavation. Therefore, careful study and in-depth analysis play a crucial role in such projects. In this research, we try to examine this issue from different aspects and its practical result use in future projects. Due to the fact that the two methods of anchorage and nailing are the most widely used methods in strengthening and stabilizing the excavations, these two methods were selected also interaction of excavation-underground cavities were investigated. parameters such as the cavity depth, the distance of the cavity from the excavation, the diameter of the cavity, and the thickness of the cavity cover, have been investigated in this research. In this research, for analysis and modeling, PLAXIS 2D finite element software has been used with the assumption of plain strain and hardening soil model which is suitable for drilling. The results of the analysis showed that the horizontal displacement of the excavation increases due to the presence of cavities and the sensitivity of the cavities stabilized with the anchorage method is greater than the nailing method. The greatest effect of the cavity on the behavior of excavation, on the one hand, is special critical distances and depths. Studies have also shown that the field of soil deformation changes despite the cavity, but it will not have a significant effect on the forces created in consolidating elements. On the other hand, drilling operations near cavities can lead to changes in the internal stresses of the cavity covering elements that must be considered in the design.

Abstract
There are many aspects that have direct effects on total hip replacement performance (THR), such as material properties, applied loads, surgical approach, femur size and quality, prosthesis design, bone-implant interface etc. One of the purposes to study different structures in THR is reducing the stress shielding. For the current study, an innovative hollow spherical structure is developed for femoral hip stems. The aim is to extract volume in the spherical shape from the stainless-steel hip implant stems, in order to focus solely on correlating with titanium behavior. Internal geometry for the femoral stem is optimized in order to transfer more stress onto the bone. Moreover, the approach involves extracting volume in the spherical shape from the internal structure to reduce stress shielding. A new novel implant is proposed that demonstrated a reduction in stress shielding. The sphered models have a smaller young’s modulus and strength than the solid stainless-steel sample. The spheres in hollowed structures reduce the stress shielding and they transfer more stress onto the bone when compared to the solid stainless-steel models. This approach also involves restructuring a hard material, such as stainless steel, to enhance osseointegration. The reduction of the young’s modulus and stress directly depends on the volume of the hollow spheres in the models; however, there is a certain volume that can be extracted from solid

Abstract
Rapid plasma formation and evolution during microwave gas discharge device produce a macroscopic plasma shield to the microwave transmission, which can severely limit the performance of the device. In this paper, the electromagnetic (TE)- plasma interaction and the chlorine Discharge Global modeled in a standard rectangular waveguide WR 284 (72.14 mm× 32.04 mm) by COMSOL multiphysics provide to be a very good compromise between flexibility and work efficiency.

Abstract
In the IR-T1 Tokamak the effect of a resonance helical magnetic field (RHF) on plasma confienment are presented using Hilbert-Huang Transform method.Mirnov coil data analyzed by Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT) and decomposed to the main intrinsic mode functions(imfs) and their instantanous frequencies (IFs). We find that, HHT method can extract MHD activities with different amplitudes in the different times. Then, the IFs of these modes can be calculated by Hilbert Transform (HT). As a comparison of WT and HHT analysis the Hilbert spectrum has much better frequency definition. Amplitude modulation of Mironov oscillations in IR-T1 tokamak plasma generate intra-wave frequency modulation, In the Hilbert spectrum analysis this effect is small compared to the STFT and WT spectrums. In our study, Magnetic islands with frequency around 40 kHz can be seen in wavlet Transform(WT) and HHT results in ohmic and RHF discharges. The HHT results after application of l=2/n=1 resonant field show that, the amplitude of m=2 poloidal MHD mode are amplified and then suppressed for a few milliseconds after amplification. Similarly, the amplitude of the m=3 MHD mode are amplified and then strongly suppressed by the start of the l=3/n=1 resonant field.