Published Articles Archive

Abstract
Domestic violence remains a pervasive global issue affecting women across cultural, social, and economic contexts. This cross-cultural causal-comparative study examined the dimensions of domestic violence psychological, physical, sexual, and economic and the associated coping strategies among married women in Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey. A total of 660 married women (220 from each country), aged 20–65 years and married for at least two years, completed the Domestic Violence Scale and the Coping Style Scale through online administration during the COVID-19 pandemic. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was utilized to compare violence dimensions and coping methods across the three populations. Results revealed statistically significant differences in all four dimensions of violence among the countries (p < .001). Pakistan reported the highest levels of psychological, physical, economic, and sexual violence, followed by Turkey, while Iran exhibited comparatively lower levels in all domains except economic violence, where Iran and Turkey were similar. Significant cross-cultural differences were also found in coping strategies, particularly cognitive coping and problem-solving approaches (p < .001), whereas emotional coping did not significantly differ. Pakistani women reported significantly higher cognitive coping scores, and Turkish women exhibited stronger problem-solving tendencies compared to Iranian participants. These variations reflect the influence of cultural norms, economic conditions, gender roles, and societal expectations on both the experience and management of intimate partner violence. The study highlights the necessity of culturally informed interventions, enhanced social support systems, and policies that address the structural determinants of domestic violence in developing countries. Limitations include restricted sampling due to pandemic conditions and the sensitivity of self-reported measures. Future research should incorporate longitudinal designs and explore the role of cultural capital in shaping women’s resilience and coping trajectories.

Abstract
This study examines the perceived impact of spinal cord injury on intimate and affective relationships among thirty-five Portuguese adults with spinal cord injuries of varying levels. Using a Grounded Theory approach, responses to a single open-ended question were analyzed to identify key themes describing how the injury reshapes relational dynamics. The findings reveal a wide spectrum of experiences, including strengthened communication, increased emotional closeness, diminished self-confidence, reduced partner interest, concerns involving sexual functioning, relational instability and nostalgia for pre-injury relational life. Emotional and behavioral adjustments following the injury were also associated with insecurity and fear of abandonment. The results align with existing research highlighting the profound emotional and relational implications of spinal cord injury and underscore the importance of psychological and relational support for both individuals and their partners.

Abstract
This study investigates the extent to which emotional intelligence contributes to the professional functioning of counselling teachers in secondary schools in Kulaijaya District, Johor. Although emotional intelligence is widely recognised as an essential factor in educational leadership and counselling effectiveness, empirical evidence focusing on Malaysian counselling teachers remains limited. This research examines the level of emotional intelligence of teachers, evaluates their skills competency and personal development, and analyses the relationships between these constructs. A quantitative case-study approach was used, involving 52 counselling teachers selected from secondary schools in the district. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire measuring five domains of emotional intelligence—self-awareness, self-control, self-motivation, empathy and social skills—together with professional skills and personal development. Descriptive analysis indicated that emotional intelligence was at a moderate level overall, while both professional skills competency and personal development were at high levels. Correlational analysis demonstrated medium to strong positive associations between emotional intelligence and both professional skills and personal development, with the strongest effects attributed to empathy, social skills and overall emotional intelligence. These findings highlight the significance of emotional intelligence as a psychological resource that enhances counselling teachers’ effectiveness. Strengthening emotional intelligence competencies may therefore contribute to improved counselling services and the professional growth of teachers in Malaysia.

Abstract
Exporting remains the most widely used and accessible strategy for firms seeking entry into international markets, yet the understanding of what drives export performance continues to be fragmented. Although numerous studies have examined managerial influences on export outcomes, empirical findings remain inconsistent and sometimes contradictory. This paper provides an updated meta-analytic synthesis of research published between 1990 and 2012, focusing specifically on managerial determinants of export performance. Managerial characteristics are organized into two overarching categories: attitudinal factors management commitment, international orientation, customer orientation, and perceptions of export stimuli and barriers and skill-based factors, including export experience, foreign-language proficiency, and education level. Using the vote-counting method, studies were classified based on whether they reported positive, negative, or non-significant relationships between these variables and export success. The meta-synthesis reveals that attitudinal determinants, particularly management commitment and international orientation, show strong and consistent positive associations with export performance across the reviewed literature. Skill-based factors also contribute positively, although export experience shows mixed results. A refined conceptual framework is proposed to clarify how managerial mindsets and competencies jointly affect export outcomes. While the vote-counting method provides a clear directional summary of empirical evidence, it does not account for study quality or estimate effect sizes. Future research should incorporate quantitative meta-analysis and quality-weighted models to obtain more precise effect estimations. This study contributes a structured and integrated perspective on how managerial determinants influence export performance and offers meaningful implications for scholars, practitioners, and policymakers concerned with firm competitiveness in global markets.

Abstract
Developing generic skills has become an essential priority in contemporary teacher education, as these transferable competencies are strongly associated with employability, lifelong learning, and professional readiness. This study investigates the effectiveness of Participatory Learning Strategies in fostering generic skills among student teachers. Grounded in learner-centered, experience-based pedagogical principles, participatory learning emphasizes active engagement, collaboration, problem-solving, and authentic learning contexts. A sample of 337 student teachers participated in the study, where generic skills were assessed using the Generic Skills Inventory. Four subject-based compelling situations and four school-based challenging problems formed the learning framework for the participatory strategy. Results were analyzed using critical ratios to compare the impact of Traditional Learning Strategies versus Participatory Learning Strategies across eight categories of generic skills. Findings indicate statistically significant improvements (p < .01) in all measured skills including communication, problem solving, information processing, and team management among participants exposed to the participatory approach. The results demonstrate that participatory learning creates a more dynamic, meaningful, and contextually relevant environment for developing key competencies in teacher trainees. The study highlights the need for integrating participatory pedagogies within teacher education programs to strengthen both academic and employability outcomes.

Abstract
This article investigates the enigmatic nature of dark matter, hypothesized to make up approximately 70% of the universe’s total mass. Despite decades of research using state-of-the-art equipment such as the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) experiment, direct detection of dark matter remains elusive, leading to skepticism and calls to revise existing theoretical frameworks. Rather than abandoning the search, this paper proposes an alternative investigative approach inspired by detective methodologies: using indirect evidence to infer the characteristics of an unseen phenomenon. The hypothesis presented posits that dark matter is a dual-component system comprising a superfluid-like medium and spherical particles. This system facilitates wave propagation, reduces cosmic friction, and supports the dynamic structure of the universe. Drawing analogies from structural engineering and mechanics, the article conceptualizes dark matter as a network of interconnected tunnels that allow the seamless movement of subatomic particles and waves. Finally, the study underscores the continued importance of dark matter research, asserting its pivotal role in explaining cosmic phenomena and the structure of the universe.

Abstract
This Neoclassical Gravitational Field Theory offers a potential alternative perspective on the nature of gravity by expanding
upon Newton’s classical law of gravitation. It seeks to address fundamental questions, such as why gravity functions as it does
and why nothing in the universe can escape its influence. This paper explores some of the long-standing mysteries of gravity,
including why masses are multiplied in Newton's gravitational formula and why objects accelerate at the same rate in a local
gravitational field, regardless of their structure or composition. By presenting a classical framework, this research aims to
provoke discussion and encourage further exploration of alternative explanations for gravity, potentially leading to a deeper
understanding of both gravity and the universe itself.

Abstract
While Monsignor Georges Lemaître has been a giant in the scientific community, his theory of the origin of the universe, known
as the Big Bang Theory, has come under scrutiny since the development of knowledge surrounding Dark Matter. This paper
argues that Monsignor Georges Lemaître theory of the Big Bang is wrong and unravels when considering the moving force of
the expansion of the universe. The research conducted for this paper demonstrates that the existence of the universe should be
thought of as originating through a primordial bud, rather than a primordial atom. This paper also argues that the universe
continues to grow in a pomological way with Dark Matter acting as its sap. This explanation puts forward a scientific way of
solving Lemaître’s problem of the “outside force” as well as the need to place all growth forces within the primordial atom itself.

Abstract
Cosmology is currently facing some major challenges. In addition to dark matter and dark energy, the issue of impossible galaxies has been brought to the fore by the James Webb Telescope. Something simple eludes us, and the various problems mentioned are interrelated. Our proposition is that, on the cosmological scale, it is appropriate to take a value of the speed of light c lower than its standard value c0 in vacuum. This defines an optical index n=c0/c. We account for this refringence by a Shapiro effect extended to the scale of the universe (use of Schwarzschild metric), described by its average density ρ and its equivalent gravitational radius R. Remarkably, universes with indices greater than two are entirely conceivable, and their characteristics are close to those we determine for our own. The velocities v of celestial objects are estimated from redshifts in ratios of the type v/c, where the speed c of light is usually taken to be equal to c0. With an equal v/c ratio (all things considered, only the v/c ratio has any meaning), dividing c0 by a certain factor α lowers the velocities v without postulating the existence of dark matter nor dark energy. Taking into account the problems cited earlier suggests a value of α close to 2.4. We are led to a lengthening of the age of the universe: it could reach 33 billion years. This would allow it to host in its relatively young phases objects that are already old and structured.

Abstract
This paper challenges conventional gravity theories by revisiting Galileo's discoveries and presenting a counterintuitive perspective. Recent experiments, such as the hammer and feather drop on the moon and vacuum demonstrations on Earth, prompt a reevaluation of our current scientific understanding of gravity. The paper argues that celestial bodies, including Earth, move towards objects, challenging the traditional concept of gravity. Drawing on the equivalence principle and dark matter effects, it contends that objects become stationary when disconnected from their original reference frame. Addressing criticisms, the paper asserts that Earth's perpetual movement ensures uniform gravitational effects globally. Exploring the expanding universe and dark matter's influence, it concludes that objects released in space do not fall but become stationary, prompting a reassessment of established scientific principles. This paradigm shift invites readers to reconsider their understanding of gravity and the universe. The paper is written as a letter to stimulate thought and discussion.

Abstract
A new relativistic theory of the classical motion of a charged particle in an electric field has been developed. The resulting equations characterize the kinematic and dynamic features of particle motion, demonstrating peculiar behavior in areas with high attractive potentials. This changes the existing paradigm for the interaction of charge with an electric field, entailing profound consequences. The new theory converges with the conventional theory of electricity under conditions of low potentials and nonrelativistic particle velocities. The possibility of experimental verification of the new theory is discussed.

Abstract
The "Neoclassical Theory of Atoms" challenges the dominance of quantum mechanics in explaining certain atomic phenomena. This work argues that a classical approach, utilizing electromagnetic Coulomb forces and Newtonian mechanics, can potentially account for discrete energy levels and spectral lines observed in hydrogen and helium atoms. It questions the necessity of invoking the seemingly counterintuitive aspects of quantum mechanics for these specific phenomena. By demonstrating the potential of a classical framework, this research aims to stimulate debate and exploration of alternative explanations within physics. This could potentially lead to a deeper understanding of the nature of reality and the limitations (or potential for expansion) of current physical theories.

Abstract
Any architectural space, especially the architecture of an educational complex, should provide comfort for human beings in the face of geographical and climatic characteristics. Climatic factors have always profoundly affected the formation of the physical environment of buildings. Energy demand has always been one of society’s most critical issues. Saving resources is one of the architectural design goals to achieve a suitable environment-friendly architecture. This architectural approach, which comes from the concepts of sustainable development, is one of the basic human needs in the current world due to its compatibility with the environment. The goal is to build constructions that can improve the climate, prevent the waste of energy consumption, and avoid the adverse effects of construction on the environment. In traditional Iranian architecture, there are numerous passive methods; natural ventilation is an essential part of Iranian conventional building design, which is being ignored today. Since humid and moderate climates have high relative humidity on most days of the year, one important goal is to move the stagnant moisture inside to establish a suitable thermal environment for occupants. The research method of the present study is descriptive-analytical, which has been experimented with according to library studies in addition to climate and meteorological data. Then, analysis of the data is provided by an energy simulator. It is concluded that the best orientation of the educational building is south, which can provide proper natural ventilation and solar heat gain. In other words, optimal interior air quality is achieved in this orientation.

Abstract
This study investigates the dynamics of Solar flares using the "closed fluid dynamic principle" proposed by Muhammad Aslam Musakhail, which reinforces the pre-Einsteinian aether theory. By defining the "aether force" as the difference between relativistic total mass and rest mass, the principle provides a novel perspective on the relativistic transitions in Solar flare phenomena. The analysis builds on Parker's force-free model and Melrose’s resistive slab theory, extending them to describe the dual-phase dynamics of Solar flares: the Alfvénic phase, where massive fermions (v

Abstract
In our previous work, Theory of Everything, we addressed the longstanding twin paradox of special relativity by introducing the concept of Aether force dynamics, F(v). This was achieved through the recognition that Aether force is cumulative, encompassing the sum of all force increments required to accelerate a massive body to velocity v. Similarly, the time dilation experienced by twin 2, the moving twin, is a cumulative effect, involving all time dilation increments accrued during their journey. This contrasts with the Lorentz contraction and mass dependence, which are instantaneous effects. Our approach successfully unified special and general relativity, extending the latter's focus on gravitational accelerations to incorporate any form of acceleration, thus leading to what we term the Ultimate Theory of Relativity. We have also applied this framework to describe dynamic processes in solar flares, drawing an analogy to the cinema problem, which involves maximizing the angle subtended by an observer to a screen. As in the twin paradox, the analysis necessitates the consideration of potential infinities, achieved by dividing finite quantities by zero or zero by zero. Remarkably, this led to a simultaneous application of Ultimate Relativity to both the cinema problem and solar flare dynamics, revealing that acceleration approaching infinity, a=1, is central to understanding these phenomena.

Abstract
This paper investigates fundamental questions about life by exploring the interplay between quantum mechanics, atomic forces, and consciousness. We address key issues such as: What distinguishes life from inanimate matter? How do atomic forces, influenced by quantum mechanics, contribute to the stability and behavior of living systems? What role does quantum gravity play in holding atoms together, and how does it relate to movement and consciousness? By conducting theoretical analysis and thought experiments, this research aims to clarify how these principles interact to shape our understanding of life. Through this exploration, we seek to provide a cohesive framework that integrates insights from quantum mechanics and consciousness, offering a novel perspective on the architecture of life and its place in the universe.

Abstract
Fusion energy, a promising solution to global energy challenges, replicates the same processes that give our sun its energy, notably through deuterium-tritium (D-T) fusion reactions that produce significant energy. This study explores the mechanics and challenges of various fusion reactions, emphasizing the pivotal role of lithium breeder blankets in producing tritium, essential for sustaining D-T fusion in tokamak reactors. The helium-cooled lithium lead (LiPb) blanket design was simulated to optimize tritium breeding and neutron flux management. Results indicated a tritium breeding ratio (TBR) of 1.15, surpassing the self-sufficiency target of 1.1, with further improvements through increased lithium content and blanket thickness. Effective neutron shielding ensured safe operational limits for reactor components. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of achieving self-sustaining fusion reactions, essential for the viability of fusion power as a sustainable energy source. Future research will focus on advanced materials, refined simulations, and enhanced cooling technologies to further optimize fusion reactor designs.

Abstract
Our Theory of Everything is made possible by the discovery of a closed fluid dynamic principle, working in a closed fluid space-time system, (the universe). Through the principle of fluid space-time, almost all of the unexplained mysteries of the universe are revealed. How the universe came into being, with matter and the most basic force, Gravity. Newton’s law of gravity in particular, the inverse square law with distance. (the reason is for appearance of the inverse square law, simultaneously in gravitation and electromagnetism, not a coincidence). Special Relativity is an account of how space contracts, time dilates and mass increases, with velocity. General Relativity is an account of how space-time curves. According to Muhammad’s closed fluid dynamic principle, space actually consists of an extremely fluid substance which we call aether. It is therefore fitting that through the closed fluid dynamic principle, we can arrive at an explanation for one major thorn in the side of Special Relativity, the twin paradox. The problem is, it is the twin who accelerates that gets it wrong. Because his assessment of the age of his brother was done without consideration of the fact that when he turned around, made the return journey, he felt his acceleration but did not employ this in Einstein’s time dilation, which was based on inertial reference frames. The task we are confronted with in this paper is to find out how the time dilation addressed in special relativity comes into proceedings in an accelerated frame. We achieve this.

Abstract
In this 3rd paper of a triptych on quantum theory regarding gravity, quantum, and classical physics are merged seamlessly-however with conclusions deviating from classical physics regarding singularities, space-curvature, and graviton. Mathematically, singularities (Schwarzschild, Droste) vanish by proper definition of the gravity source and field descriptions acquiring full validity at the Planck scale. Space(-time) curvature is shown to be geodesic-trajectory curvature by (energy) objects in the field of (a) gravity source(s). The gravity field is found to be a scalar field in which the trajectories are defined only by the principle of least action (LaGrange, Feynman) by compensation of accelerations due to different physical causal sources of acceleration. The graviton is argued to be a massive Higgs-type scalar boson with ubiquitous presence since the creation of quantum and clustered mass in the universe: the influence of a settled gravity field on mass (in) entering this field, therefore, is instantaneous, i.e., unlike a vector boson description. Gravity waves, occurring in mergers/transitions of mass, are defined by changes in time of the gravity field  (at max. c m/s) in space and only become observable when substantial mass/energy is involved due to the weakness and spatial decay of gravity fields. All mathematics (e.g. integral transformations, vector space, etc) and related operators in the paper are part of the Abelian group for validity at the Planck scale. Results thus constitute the description of gravity on all scales.‎‎

Abstract
The gravitational field naturally perturbs due to the wave (light, x-ray, infrared, etc.). The gravitational field encompasses everything. Wave formation, like to that of the natural world. In the natural world, when wood and plants burn, a chemical reaction produces CO2, CO, and other gases. During this chemical process, tiny particles (atoms, molecules, etc.) vibrate, and their vibrations get intense enough to cause the gravitational field to be disrupted. This kind of vibration creates waves in the surrounding gravitational field and propagates them forward with a specific initial power, wavelength, and amplitude.