Published Articles Archive

Abstract
This article broadly reviews our knowledge of theoretical solar radio burst type III (SRBT III) in the low-frequency region. The eruption mechanism of solar flares and type III are currently an extremely active area of research especially during the solar cycle is towards maximum. There is a particular focus on their physical properties, as opposed to microphysics such as that needed for the evolution and formation of this burst or particle acceleration as such. In this work, we summarize the related theory, model, significant parameters and relate it with the behavior of the burst in low range frequency. Although this is only a combination of all significant literature, it is hoped that it will give some idea on how to understand in detail on this burst.

Abstract
The F-region currents are generally weak and difficult to detect. However, their contributions to the earth’s magnetic field variations are significant and cannot be ignored by the field modelers. CHAMP satellite has therefore provided a perfect opportunity to investigate the in-situ F-region currents on the night side of the equatorial region. The magnitudes of the current along all the three components of the earth’s magnetic field (X, Y, Z) are investigated. However, in this paper, we present only the results on the Y-component where interesting magnetic residuals were observed. The X and Z-components were rather masked in much noise and would require further filtering. The currents appear in both the pre-midnight and post-midnight sectors and are spatially confined to the equatorial region bounded by the Appleton anomaly. The magnetic residuals are generally observed in the northern hemisphere of an order of 0.8nT, which gives a height-integrated current density of about 1.3mA/m.

Abstract
Considering the lack of consistency in these urban and rural areas in relation to several factors such as social, economic, cultural, physical and administrative, the amalgamation of the rural areas into urban areas leads to numerous problems. Therefore this paper tries to individually examine the role of each of the abovementioned factors in amalgamation of village areas into city districts. This research uses analytic method and documentary research including extensive field observation, and questionnaires which were completed by 220 households and it highlights that even though there are not significant social and managerial differences between Islamshahr city and Shatereh village, when considering cultural, economic and physical factors in these areas the difference is substantial thus, the results indicates that these differences are the consequence of the amalgamation of the villages into the cities.

Abstract
We investigate the relation between Earth’s distances and other components of the universe. To obtain this relationship we supposed the distance between the earth and other celestial objects follows a constant value of 1.466 with a simple equation which is called, Harmonic Factor. To prove this idea, we find out the distance of celestial objects such as the moon, sun, galaxies, Local cluster, Supercluster, and Group of superclusters in terms of Earth radius with good accuracy. Moreover, we predict a new position for an unknown object or a group of objects, which have not found yet. The results for nearest distance values are very close with real and known values and for farthest objects, need more information in the future.

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to consider, how Lajim Rural guide-plan has affected its textural, economic, social, and cultural development. The theoretical modeling of the study is in accordance with the present guide plans of the country and the previous studies done. In this study which is based on visiting and observing, the research has used a questionnaire to gather data. The sample of the study is households of Lajim village in Mazandaran province; from which 40 people were randomly selected. In this study, four hypotheses considered and data analysis has been presented descriptively and inductively. Statistical methods and independence model, applied for more analyzing. The results show that the guide-plan of Lajim, positively affected Lajim's development economically, culturally, and also socially. The authors provide some suggestions to improve rural guide-plans.

Abstract
In this study, we apply the standard quantization procedure to the Newtonian equation to obtain the Schrödinger equation. The wave function is obtained and subsequently the de Broglie-Bohm interpretation is applied to the wave function to yield the formulas for escape speed. It is shown that the usual Newtonian formula for escape speed is purely resulted from taking the asymptotic form of Bessel functions. We then extend our work to hydrogen atom and show that the work done to eject the electron away from proton is in discrete form. The ionization energy for ground state of hydrogen atom from escape kinetic energy method is obtained.

Abstract
This paper discusses trends in the development of future cities and the emerging new requirements to urban transportation. Trends in urban transportation will be investigated to conclude whether they are coherent with the visions of future cities or are able to fulfill the requirements. Origin and history of cities will be discussed to better understand the current status of city structures before future visions are presented. The same will be done for urban transportation.

Abstract
The Sun is considered as one of the strongest radio sources and observation in radio region can provide information on structures throughout the solar atmosphere. In radio wavelengths, we could possible to investigate high quality images within an arc second resolution at different layers of the solar atmosphere. Solar monitoring in this wavelength makes various demands on the used antennas. Therefore, Logarithmic Periodic dipole Antenna (LPDA) was constructed for monitoring Sun in the range of (45−870) MHz to precisely match the environmental requirements. Our work focuses on preparation and performance of the antenna. Observation results of the site will also be highlighted. From the analysis, we found that the signal to noise ratio is 3.9 dB. We also make an effort analyze a y-factor of a data by select a range of frequency from 220 MHz till 250 MHz due to this range consists burst. By constructing and understanding the principle of the log dipole periodic antenna and then connect it to the CALLISTO spectrometer as receiver, some solar activities observations such as solar flares and Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) can be done. In conclusion, the log-periodic dipole antenna (LPDA) is remains the simplest antenna with reliable bandwidth and gain estimates.

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to consider the best strategy of motion, in the rain. In this paper, not only we considered the motion of object with standing vertically on the ground, but also we measured the motion of object, with angle too. Here we will show, whether the optimal speed-angle exists in any angle or in any speed, or not. If it is exists, then we can find the optimal speed or the optimal angle. We also find out the crucial factor for the optimal speed. A very clear solution of this problem is the result of using six variables in rectangle and ellipsoidal model. Moreover, here an interesting result, in comparison between motion of object in the same time and same distance, will appear. The motion of object considered in two and three dimensional coordinate system for rectangle and ellipsoid models. The discussed model also is applicable for other fields.

Abstract
The general solution of a static sphere of perfect fluid of uniform density using isotropic line element has been obtained by using the additional condition of continuity at the boundary

Abstract
The small-signal gain coefficient of a TEA CO2 laser has been measured through the implementation of a variable polarization intra-cavity loss element. Charging voltage dependence of the gain property of the laser has been investigated. The advantage of this method is that no probe laser system is required. The results have been agreed with experimental data obtained by conventional oscillator-amplifier method.

Abstract
The disordered electron-hole recombination in multi-quantum well was investigated using analytical method based on the rate equations. The results show extreme broad distribution of the recombination time which depends exponentially on the distances between the recombining excitons. The energies at each localised state shows an energy splitting between the electronic ground state and the first excited state of 0.0038eV.

Abstract
The results of analysis of heavy metal in limestone and soil samples from the limestone deposit areas of Kitui South, Kenya were reported in this paper. The analysis was carried out to assess the environmental impact of heavy metals in the region and provide necessary data on the extent of their spread that could be used as a basis for monitoring occupational exposure and the and subsequent environmental impact once mining and processing of limestone in the region starts. Limestone and soils were sampled from three major limestone deposit areas in the region of Kituvwi, Mwanyani and Ndulukuni and analyzed for heavy elemental content using 109Cd radioisotope excited EDXRF spectrometry technique in which sample pellets were directly irradiated. The major elements detected in soils were Ti, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Pb, while in limestone they were; Ti Mn and Zn.

Abstract
The selection-based Tempt Destiny experiment has provided evidence that the fundamental acts of selection are a dichotomy as are their effects. By applying this knowledge to evaluate the preliminary findings of the Higgs boson discovery, we find an omission error has taken place.

Abstract
The study of natural radiation exposure is of importance because it accounts for the largest contribution to the collective dose for the world population from all sources. Extent of exposure to natural radiation depends on the occupation, type of dwelling, location of habitation, and lifestyle of the population. All building materials contain various amounts of natural radionuclides as they are derived from the rocks and soils, which always contain natural radionuclides of Uranium (238).

Abstract
The public is more and more demanding sustainable solutions. In case of mobility, consumers have experienced turbulent years regarding the change in economic stability, showing it in rapidly changing fuel prices, energy costs, or in general, prices for any goods and resources. Mobility and the ability to stay mobile is a driver for today’s economy. People move to go to their work, goods and resources move around the globe to reach their customers. Thinking of restricted mobility capabilities may constitute an unpleasant scenario with serious consequences to common wealth. It is thus not surprising that the call for sustainable mobility, new concepts and technologies that are environmental friendly, economical and respect social values is more evident than ever. This paper discusses some of the current trends for mobility with a focus on their potential sustainable performance.

Abstract
This review intended to update the results of combination two burst, type III and V in one solar flare event. Magnetic reconnection of both burst will be explained theoretically. Both bursts are found on 19th September 2011 associated with C-class flares on active region 1295. We concentrate on the mechanism of evolution the bursts which play a role in the event. It is found that type V burst appeared with five second after type III. There are a few sunspot regions on the solar disk but most are magnetically simple and have remained rather quiet. An interpretation of this new result depends critically on the number of sunspot and the role of active region 1295. Sunspot number is increases up to 144 with seven sunspots can be observed. During that event, the speed of solar wind exceeds 433.8 km/second with 2.0 g/cm3 density of proton in solar corona. Currently, radio flux is also high up to 150 sfu. Solar flare type C6 is continuously been observed in x-ray region for 24 hours since 1541 UT and a maximum C1 is detected on 1847 UT. Although the sources of both bursts are same, the direction and ejection explode differently. It is believed that the ejection of particles in type III burst is more compare type V. In summary, the behavior of type III should be critically understood in order to predict the formation of type V burst.

Abstract
First light detection of solar burst type IV in Malaysia in the region of 260 MHz till 380 MHz has been successfully detected on 5th March 2012. This significant solar burst variations is associated with solar flare type M level 2.0 occurred from 0412UT. Due to the effect, strong bursts that caused by extraordinary solar flares due to magnetic reconnection effect potentially induced in the near-Earth magneto tail. One possible reason behind the formation of this very complex long duration of this loop is the magnetic reconnection and disruption of the loops which is observed during flare maximum. Sunspot 1429 active region was a site of several intense in several days. In Malaysia, monitoring solar burst in radio region is just in beginning by involved the project under International Space Weather Initiative (ISWI) since 2011. We also analyzed multi wavelength observation from different sites as continuity of the phenomenon. Observations presented in this paper confirmed that Malaysia can be one of the potential countries to focus on solar monitoring solar radio emission at low- broadband frequency (45-870) MHz using ground-based telescope due to 12 hours per day throughout a year.

Abstract
Slide zones under title erosion types related to more active tectonic factors for example stream length-gradient (Sl),ratio of valley-floor width to valley height (Vf), drainage basin shape (Bs), mountain front sinuosity (Smf), drainage basin asymmetry (Af) and hypsometric integral (Hi). This research is noticeable comparison produce slide zones by Nilsen. The active tectonic zones produce from Smf index under title one of the important active tectonic factors. Determination landform of geometry or morphometry factors is the one of best method for study and evaluation active tectonic. The first provided Dem maps in GIS software by topography, geology, tectonic maps participant with field activities. Then provided active tectonic map by Smf index into three class A, B, C and landslide hazard zonation map into five class stable zone, generally stable zone, stable moderately stable zone, moderately un-stable zone and talented to liquefaction zone. Comparison and conformity landslide hazard zonation map with hazard zonation into Smf index showed about percent 71(51120 hectare) moderately unstable zone and talented for liquefaction zone settled in A zone Smf map and percent 29 (20880 hectare) remained settled sequential percent 18 (12960 hectare) and percent 11 (7920 hectare) in B, C zone of hazard zonation active tectonic produce from Smf index. In other word in research showed relationship landslide zones produce landslide hazard zonation by Nilsen to active tectonic zones by Smf index in the study region.

Abstract
This article describes signal detection by Log-Periodic Dipole-Antenna (LPDA) which designed for solar monitoring with very high-performance in 45 MHz till 870 MHz. The LPDA, consisting of 19-elements, achieves a gain higher than 10 dBi with low noise amplifier. It has successfully setup at National Space Centre, Banting on 15th February 2012. Our objective in this work is to detect any signal at National Space Centre, Sg. Lang, Selangor which connected with CALLISTO spectrometer. Detailed analysis also revealed the interference sources that caused interruption of solar signal. Specific range of frequency that considered a minimum Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) also has been done. We found that high level interference is received from FM-band (80 MHz – 108 MHz), from VHF-band and from UHF-band. In the UHF-band, we could recognize (beside a lot of analog-TV) two (2) DVB-T channels between 650 MHz and 700 MHz. The ‘comb’ of signals proves that the whole system is working correctly with good sensitivity. This feature can be used to check the system as part of periodic maintenance. Beside the established detection techniques, some improvization of LPDA is also highlighted. The noise floor at all frequencies below 3 dB is in fact not noise, but represents standing waves due to the fact that the LPD antenna is not matched to the 50Ω coaxial cable due to the small size of boom’s diameter. Total sensitivity can be improved by impedance matching of antenna and coaxial cable.