Published Articles Archive

Abstract
This paper challenges conventional gravity theories by revisiting Galileo's discoveries and presenting a counterintuitive perspective. Recent experiments, such as the hammer and feather drop on the moon and vacuum demonstrations on Earth, prompt a reevaluation of our current scientific understanding of gravity. The paper argues that celestial bodies, including Earth, move towards objects, challenging the traditional concept of gravity. Drawing on the equivalence principle and dark matter effects, it contends that objects become stationary when disconnected from their original reference frame. Addressing criticisms, the paper asserts that Earth's perpetual movement ensures uniform gravitational effects globally. Exploring the expanding universe and dark matter's influence, it concludes that objects released in space do not fall but become stationary, prompting a reassessment of established scientific principles. This paradigm shift invites readers to reconsider their understanding of gravity and the universe. The paper is written as a letter to stimulate thought and discussion.

Abstract
A new relativistic theory of the classical motion of a charged particle in an electric field has been developed. The resulting equations characterize the kinematic and dynamic features of particle motion, demonstrating peculiar behavior in areas with high attractive potentials. This changes the existing paradigm for the interaction of charge with an electric field, entailing profound consequences. The new theory converges with the conventional theory of electricity under conditions of low potentials and nonrelativistic particle velocities. The possibility of experimental verification of the new theory is discussed.

Abstract
The "Neoclassical Theory of Atoms" challenges the dominance of quantum mechanics in explaining certain atomic phenomena. This work argues that a classical approach, utilizing electromagnetic Coulomb forces and Newtonian mechanics, can potentially account for discrete energy levels and spectral lines observed in hydrogen and helium atoms. It questions the necessity of invoking the seemingly counterintuitive aspects of quantum mechanics for these specific phenomena. By demonstrating the potential of a classical framework, this research aims to stimulate debate and exploration of alternative explanations within physics. This could potentially lead to a deeper understanding of the nature of reality and the limitations (or potential for expansion) of current physical theories.

Abstract
Any architectural space, especially the architecture of an educational complex, should provide comfort for human beings in the face of geographical and climatic characteristics. Climatic factors have always profoundly affected the formation of the physical environment of buildings. Energy demand has always been one of society’s most critical issues. Saving resources is one of the architectural design goals to achieve a suitable environment-friendly architecture. This architectural approach, which comes from the concepts of sustainable development, is one of the basic human needs in the current world due to its compatibility with the environment. The goal is to build constructions that can improve the climate, prevent the waste of energy consumption, and avoid the adverse effects of construction on the environment. In traditional Iranian architecture, there are numerous passive methods; natural ventilation is an essential part of Iranian conventional building design, which is being ignored today. Since humid and moderate climates have high relative humidity on most days of the year, one important goal is to move the stagnant moisture inside to establish a suitable thermal environment for occupants. The research method of the present study is descriptive-analytical, which has been experimented with according to library studies in addition to climate and meteorological data. Then, analysis of the data is provided by an energy simulator. It is concluded that the best orientation of the educational building is south, which can provide proper natural ventilation and solar heat gain. In other words, optimal interior air quality is achieved in this orientation.

Abstract
The gravitational field naturally perturbs due to the wave (light, x-ray, infrared, etc.). The gravitational field encompasses everything. Wave formation, like to that of the natural world. In the natural world, when wood and plants burn, a chemical reaction produces CO2, CO, and other gases. During this chemical process, tiny particles (atoms, molecules, etc.) vibrate, and their vibrations get intense enough to cause the gravitational field to be disrupted. This kind of vibration creates waves in the surrounding gravitational field and propagates them forward with a specific initial power, wavelength, and amplitude.

Abstract
Constructive resonance, a fundamental phenomenon observed across various scales, plays a pivotal role in both quantum and astrophysical realms. This study delves into the dynamic intricacies of constructive resonance, exploring its implications for matter creation and the origin of force-fields like gravity. It posits that constructive wave couplings between fundamental particles induce a resonant attractive force akin to gravity at the subatomic level, conserving energy within the system. We conceptualize space-time as an interconnected fabric encoding linear and non-linear patterns within an Information Field, revealing interactions between fundamental particles as Constructive Resonance Waves, giving rise to the material universe. Cosmic Information (CI) is introduced as a fundamental basis vector, tied to the dimensions of space and time, culminating in a 5-D universe. This paper introduces a novel theoretical framework encompassing Constructive Resonance and the Resonance-Induced Information Force Field (RIIFF) parametrically represented by Rf to offer a dynamic perspective on fundamental forces. By integrating these concepts into existing theories, we unveil a fresh understanding of gravity, electromagnetism, and other forces. The RIIFF framework, expressed as a partial differential equation, elucidates how forces vary over time and space due to resonant interactions, providing a foundation for future research into the dynamic nature of the cosmos.

Abstract
This research focuses on the classification and properties of G-Type main sequence stars. It discusses the historical development of star classification systems and their importance in understanding stellar evolution, composition, and galactic structures. The paper also examines the mass-radius and mass-luminosity relationships of stars, highlighting the strong positive correlations between mass and radius, as well as mass and luminosity. The findings suggest that more massive stars tend to be larger and more luminous. However, further analysis is needed to explore the underlying relationships between these variables.

Abstract
Natural disturbances in the gravitational field cause light, infrared, x-ray, and other waves. We define a complete wave as having two parts: a crest and a trough. A complete wave represents a single frequency. Every wave is initially powered at the source along with its wavelength and amplitude, which all vary with the gravitational field intensity in subsequent steps. A/λ has a significant impact on the wave's power. A gravitational wave is a converted wave, because of its changing power due to the changing intensity of the gravitational field.

Abstract
The evidence that the probability interpretation is indispensable for the wave function has not been reasonably revealed since the early stages of quantum theory like the topic of Schrödinger's cat has been discussed from various viewpoints. Recently the Schrödinger equation has reasonably derived from the diffusion equation in accordance with the causality for the Newton mechanics, regardless of the de Broglie’s hypothesis. In the derivation process, the problem of probability interpretation has been reasonably solved in relation to a wave function collapse, and moreover not only the evidence for a micro particle having a wave nature but also the evidence for validity of the de Broglie’s hypothesis itself has been theoretically revealed. Further, the other fundamental problems having been unsolved for a long time are also reasonably solved. For example, it is theoretically revealed that such a single composite particle as a cluster molecule has a wave nature when it is composed of atoms smaller than about 770 numbers.

Abstract
Astronomical observations confirm that gravitational force decreases with the square of the distance. If the gravitational force in the centre of Sagittarius A* were close to infinity and would decrease with the square of the distance, our Milky Way could not exist as we observe it. This fact is irrefutable proof that there is no gravitational singularity in the centre of Sagittarius A* and in general, there is no gravitational singularity in the centre of a black hole.

Abstract
The blackhole jets, Saturn ring, dark matter and GPB anomaly are generally considered unrelated physical mysteries that have no common causes that create them. In Newtonian mechanics, the center of mass of an object change only when there is an external force applied to the object. However, the longitudinally asymmetric and radially circular (LARC) rotating objects like cone, funnel, and hemisphere have a unique mechanical property of creating a finite shift of relativistic center of mass depending on the speed of the rotation due to the difference in the instant speed of the individual mass components of the object while in rotation. This suggests that the LARC rotating object has a complex mechanical property that does not obey the conventional Newtonian mechanical principle. It turned out that in the weak field limit of general relativity there is a second order mathematical term that requires a finite shift of the center of mass to establish its physicality. This term was discarded as physically meaningless because spherical source does not develop a shift of the center of mass even in rotation due to the mathematical cancelation. It is shown that the relativistic shift of the center of mass from the rotating LARC object is the cause of the physically meaningful dipole gravity that reduces into Lense-Thirring force at the center of the rotating spherical shell. However, after careful examination we found out that the signs of Lense-Thirring forces were reversed and once the signs are corrected, dipole gravity predicts blackhole jets and the flat rotational velocity distribution curve which is the key evidence of the existence of the dark matter. We presented that the rings in Saturn, Jupiter, Neptune and Uranus, the GPB experimental anomaly are also the results of dipole gravity from the rotating spherical sources.

Abstract
We propose the magnetic sterile neutrino as a possible candidate for dark matter. We bring the idea that dark matter would be made up of substances originating from black holes, in particular sterile neutrinos associated with a magnetic charge. These would not be sensitive only to the gravitational force. First, we conjectured that when baryonic matter crosses the black holes event horizon, Maxwell's laws are reversed, the electric charge turns into a magnetic charge. Sterile magnetic neutrinos and antineutrinos would be created and emitted, true magnetic monopoles. Second, we discuss dark matter consisting of sterile magnetic neutrinos, the cosmic microwave background, mini primordial black holes, and the formation of intermediate mass black holes linked to the formation of galaxies. Third, we review different mechanisms of how sterile magnetic neutrino could have escaped from the black hole. Fourth, we investigate the possibility that ordinary neutrinos could be produced by the weak interaction if sterile magnetic dark matter neutrinos interact with active ordinary matter neutrinos. Fifth, after examining equations of possible production of gamma rays from the annihilation of neutrinos-antineutrinos, we propose the “anapole”, which would be weakly sensitive to electromagnetic forces. Before concluding, we underline the relation between the distribution of the magnetic fields coming from baryonic matter and that from dark matter, and we highlight the gamma ray glows in the dark that can be attributed to the annihilation of dark matter with itself.

Abstract
One of the enduring puzzles in high energy particle physics is why quarks do not exist independently despite their existence inside the hadron as quarks have never been found in isolation. This problem may be solved by formulating a QCD potential for the entire range of interaction distances of the quarks. The mystery could be related to the fundamental origin of the mass of elementary particles despite the success of the quantum field theories to the highest level of accuracy. The renormalization program is an essential part of the calculation of the scattering amplitudes, where the infinities of the calculated masses of the elementary particles are subtracted for the progressive calculation of the higher-order perturbative terms. The mathematical structure of the mass term from quantum field theories expressed in the form of infinities suggests that there may exist a finite dynamical mass in the limit when the input mass parameter approaches zero. The Lagrangian recovers symmetry at the same time as the input mass becomes zero, whereas the self-energy diagrams acquire a finite dynamical mass in the 4-dimensional space when the dimensional regularization method of renormalization is utilized. We report a new finding that using the mathematical expression of the self-energy(mass) for photons and gluons calculated from this method, the complex form of the QCD and QED interaction potentials can be obtained by replacing the fixed interaction mediating particle’s mass and coupling constants in Yukawa potential with the scale-dependent running coupling constant and the corresponding dynamical mass. The derived QCD QED potentials predict the behavior of the related elementary particles exactly as verified by experimental observation.

Abstract
As we know, imaginary numbers are square roots of a negative numbers. In this paper, imaginary numbers will be further defined. Every number has a sign to it. A number can either be a positive or a negative, however zero is neither positive nor negative. The number zero is what can be referred to as a neutral number since it does not have any plus or minus signs. In reality, the sign of zero is neutral which is both positive and negative at the same time. The square root of a positive one is both a positive and a negative one. In this paper a new view and discussion has been done for different mathematical operators such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division and some more idea which has never been considered earlier, called Pelletier Postulate.

Abstract
Charge conservation in the theory of elementary particle physics is one of the best-established principles in physics. As such, if there are magnetic monopoles in the universe, the magnetic charge will most likely be a conserved quantity like electric charges. If neutrinos are magnetic monopoles, as physicists have reported the possibility, the Earth should show signs of having a magnetic monopole charge on a macroscopic scale since neutrons must also have a magnetic monopole charge if the general charge conservation principle is valid. To test this hypothesis, experiments were performed to detect the collective effect of the magnetic monopole charge of neutrons on the earth's equator using two balanced high-strength neodymium rod magnets. We were able to identify the non-zero magnetic monopole charge of the individual neutrons from the experiments. The presence of individual magnetic monopole charges in the universe prompted the proposition of the new symmetric form of Maxwell's equations. Based on the theoretical investigation of the new Maxwell's equations, we conclude that magnetic monopole neutrinos are the cause of the origin of quantum mechanical uncertainty, dark energy, and the medium for electromagnetic wave propagation in space.

Abstract
Energy conservation is one of the most fundamental and well-established principles of physics. E. Noether extended the energy conservation principle to the quantum field theoretical domain in empty space by relating the time-translation invariance of the universe with energy conservation. While this is the case in an open empty space, it seems that the local space enclosed by conducting metallic plates has an unexpected property, suggesting that the energy conservation principle may not necessarily apply to localized bound systems of capacitors in electrodynamics. This point of view was raised by noting that the spherical capacitor has calculable electrostatic self-potential energy in both the inner and outer shells, which is not considered in the conventional consideration of the total energy stored in the capacitors. It seems that the concept of moving charges one by one into the capacitor plates has helped bypass the necessary steps to account for the additional repulsive self-potential energy that accumulates simultaneously in both capacitor plates in the process of charging the capacitor. We present itemized details of the repulsive potential energy stored in the capacitors and discuss its physical reality in relation to the anomalous energy devices reported in the past.

Abstract
Einstein's famous equation, revolutionized the theory of physics and introduced new perspectives to the study of energy and mass. However, a close consideration of its principles raises essential concerns on the equitability of mass and energy as well as other phenomena like the speed of light. The unavoidable scientific claim of this paper is that the total energy of matter depends on its internal and external energies, which are accounted for by kinetic and potential energies. In the current work, thought experiments reveal important additions to this idea regarding the apparent effects of external energy on the nature of matter and particles. This paper employs detailed thought experiments and theoretical discussions to identify and address several notable inconsistencies related to the energy and mass equation based on previous works in physics. The relative external energy of an object will be influenced by the position of the observer. The outcomes of the experiments presented herein also provide key insights into the constancy of the internal energy of all matter and particles. Generally, this paper provides an important basis for analyzing the theory underlying the physics of energy and mass, addressing questionable ideas that are common but poorly substantiated and providing a new understanding of the nature of mass and energy that lays the foundations for further research in this area by projecting the difference between them.

Abstract
With the consideration of the light which carries the photon particles, the Lorentz transformation was constructed with an impressive mathematical approach. But the generalization of that equation for all the velocities of the universe is direct enforcement on other things not to travel faster than light. It has created serious issues in every scientific research that was done in the last century based on the special theory of relativity. This paper replaces the velocity of light with some other velocities and shows us the possible consequences and highlights the issues of special relativity. If I travel through my past or future and was able to see another me there, who would be the real Hamdoon I or the one I see there in the past or future! If the real one is only me, the one I saw, is not me, so, I could not travel through my or someone else's past or future. Therefore, no one can travel through time. If both of us are the same, can the key of personal identity be duplicated or be separated into two or more parts? These are some of the fundamental philosophical arguments that annihilate the concept of time travel which is one of the sequels of special relativity.

Abstract
The first climatic factors affecting the phenomenon of dust and fine dust are collected, reconstructed, extended and completed in the form of DSI (Dust Storm Index) and Lancaster in Mehrabad meteorological station of Tehran was studied and analyzed. The results showed that in Mehrabad meteorological station in terms of temperature in 1992 the lowest value and in 1998, 2001, 2017 the highest value and in terms of humidity in 2017 the lowest amount of humidity and in 2000 the highest amount of humidity and in terms of rainfall in the year 2013 the lowest amount of precipitation and in 2019 the highest amount of precipitation and in terms of evaporation in 2009 the lowest amount of evaporation and in 1391 the highest amount of evaporation and finally in terms of number of dust days in 1998 the lowest number of days and in 2009 the highest number of days Dust has been recorded. Mehrabad station of Tehran in years showed DSI index, more than one number and Lancaster index, more than fifty number in most of the mentioned years, the values of temperature and evaporation are high and the values of precipitation and humidity are relatively low, which shows the direct relationship between the dust storm index (DSI index) and mobility index of sand dunes (Lancaster index) is almost too high and above the number It is noteworthy that in most of the mentioned years, Meteorological factors and data have been at Mehrabad station in Tehran.

Abstract
As per Newtonian laws of motion and gravitation, the gravitational force of attraction governs all the planets of solar system. Here we discuss equilibrium of planets in which gravitational force represents one side and the magnetic hold the other side. The planet achieves equilibrium in the solar field at that point where its centrifugal (i.e., gravitational) force balances the magnetic hold of sun. The sun develops magnetic flux on the planet according to its surface area, magnetic content and rotational velocity. As per available data, calculations in this regard are in good agreement with the functions achieving rotational and orbital motions and equilibrium of planet, thus supporting our concept. Therefore, this theory provides the missing link explaining magnetic interaction with the centrifugal force of planet to achieve equilibrium, hold and motion.