Newtonian Analysis of the Big Bang Model and Time-invariant Cosmology

This research aims to examine the weaknesses of Big Bang cosmology and to develop an alternative cosmological framework based primarily on astrophysical data, without assuming a specific beginning of the universe in the remote physical past.

Isaac Newton believed that gravity requires the universe to be centreless and infinite in all directions. For Issac Newton, the idea that the universe exploded out of nothing was unthinkable. He believed that time plays no role in the universe; the universe is eternal. In post-Newtonian cosmology, universal space is time-invariant. Time, as the duration of stellar objects' motion in space, is an emergent physical quantity that enters existence through measurement. The universe is uncreated and eternal. AGNs are rejuvenating systems of the universe. The model of the stationary universe is based on direct reading of astrophysical data and is far superior to the Big Bang theory. We re-examine the origin of the universe in some distant physical past and find that it is a theoretical mistake based on a misinterpretation of astrophysical data.

cosmologyCMBcosmological redshiftAGNtime.